Abstract
In this paper, we present a strategy for imaging measurements of absolute concentration values of gas-phase SiO in the combustion synthesis of silica, generated from the reaction of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) precursor in a lean (ϕ = 0.6) hydrogen/oxygen/argon flame. The method is based on laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) exciting the Q(42) rotational transition within the A1Π − X1Σ (1, 0) electronic band system of SiO at 231 nm. Corrections for temperature-dependent population of the related ground state are based on multi-line SiO–LIF thermometry utilizing transitions within the A1Π − X1Σ (0, 0) electronic band around 234 nm. Corrections for local collisional quenching are based on measured effective fluorescence lifetimes from the temporal signal decay using a short camera gate stepped with respect to the laser pulse. This fluorescence lifetime measurement was confirmed with additional measurements using a fast photomultiplier. The resulting semi-quantitative LIF signal was photometrically calibrated using Rayleigh scattering from known gas samples at various pressures and laser energies as well as with nitric oxide LIF. The obtained absolute SiO concentration values in the HMDSO-doped flames will serve as a stringent test case for recently developed flame kinetic mechanisms for this class of gas-borne silicon dioxide nanoparticle synthesis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S.E. Pratsinis, Flame aerosol synthesis of ceramic powders. Progr. Energy Combust. Sci. 24(3), 197–219 (1998)
P. Roth, Particle synthesis in flames. Proc. Combust. Inst. 31(2), 1773–1788 (2007)
S. Li et al., Flame aerosol synthesis of nanostructured materials and functional devices: Processing, modeling, and diagnostics. Progr. Energ. Combust. Sci. 55, 1–59 (2016)
C. Schulz et al., Gas-phase synthesis of functional nanomaterials: challenges to kinetics, diagnostics, and process development. Proc. Combust. Inst. 37, 83–108 (2019)
N.G. Glumac, Formation and consumption of SiO in powder synthesis flames. Combust. Flame 124, 702–711 (2001)
H. Janbazi et al., Response surface and group-additivity methodology for estimation of thermodynamic properties of organosilanes. Int. J. Chem. Kin. 50(9), 681–690 (2018)
M.R. Zachariah, D.R.F. Burges, Strategies for laser excited fluorescence spectroscopy. Measurements of gas phase species during particle formation. J. Aerosol Sci. 25(3), 487–497 (1994)
Feroughi, O.M., et al., Experimental and numerical study of a HMDSO-seeded premixed laminar low-pressure flame for SiO2 nanoparticle synthesis. Proc. Combust. Inst. 36, 1045–1053 (2017)
R.S.M. Chrystie et al., Comparative study of flame-based SiO2 nanoparticle synthesis from TMS and HMDSO: SiO–LIF concentration measurement and detailed simulation. Proc. Combust. Inst. 37(1), 1221–1229 (2019)
T. Dreier, C. Schulz, Laser-based diagnostics in the gas-phase synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles. Powder Technol. 287, 226–238 (2016)
P. van de Weijer, B.H. Zwerver, Laser-induced fluorescence of OH and SiO molecules during thermal chemical vapour deposition of SiO2 from silane-oxygen mixtures. Chem. Phys. Lett. 163(1), 48–54 (1989)
A.J. Hynes, Laser-induced fluorescence of silicon monoxide in a glow discharge and an atmospheric pressure flame. Chem. Phys. Lett. 181(2–3), 237–244 (1991)
R. Yamashiro, Y. Matsumoto, K. Honma, Reaction dynamics of Si(PJ3) + O2→ SiO(XΣ + 1) + O studied by a crossed-beam laser-induced fluorescence technique. J. Chem. Phys. 128(8), 084308 (2008)
D. Goodwin, D. Capewell, P. Paul, Planar laser-induced fluorescence diagnostics of pulsed laser ablation of silicon, in MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive (1995), p. 388
R. Walkup, S. Raider, In situ measurements of SiO(g) production during dry oxidation of crystalline silicon. Appl. Phys. Lett. 53(10), 888–890 (1988)
O. Motret, F. Coursimault, J. Pouvesle, Absolute silicon monoxide density measurement by self-absorbed spectroscopy in a non-thermal atmospheric plasma. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 37(13), 1750 (2004)
R.S.M. Chrystie et al., SiO multi-line laser-induced fluorescence for quantitative temperature imaging in flame-synthesis of nanoparticles. Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt. 123(4), 104 (2017)
J.R. Reisel et al., Laser-saturated fluorescence measurements of nitric oxide in laminar, flat, C2H6/O2/N2 flames at atmospheric pressure. Combust. Sci. Technol. 91(4–6), 271–295 (1993)
P. Desgroux, M. Cottereau, Local OH concentration measurement in atmospheric pressure flames by a laser-saturated fluorescence method: two-optical path laser-induced fluorescence. Appl. Opt. 30(1), 90–97 (1991)
A. Koch et al., Planar imaging of a laboratory flame and of internal combustion in an automobile engine using UV Rayleigh and fluorescence light. Appl. Phys. B 56(3), 177–184 (1993)
E. Rothe et al., Effect of laser intensity and of lower-state rotational energy transfer upon temperature measurements made with laser-induced predissociative fluorescence. Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt. 66(2), 251–258 (1998)
E.W. Rothe et al., Effect of laser intensity and of lower-state rotational energy transfer upon temperature measurements made with laser-induced predissociative fluorescence. Appl. Phys. B 66, 251–258 (1998)
E.W. Rothe, P. Andresen, Application of tunable excimer lasers to combustion diagnostics: a review. Appl. Opt. 36(18), 3971–4033 (1997)
C. Schulz, V. Sick, Tracer-LIF diagnostics: Quantitative measurement of fuel concentration, temperature and air/fuel ratio in practical combustion systems. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 31, 75–121 (2005)
W.G. Bessler et al., Quantitative NO–LIF imaging in high-pressure flames. Appl. Phys. B: Lasers Opt. 75(1), 97–102 (2002)
C. Hecht et al., Imaging measurements of atomic iron concentration with laser-induced fluorescence in a nano-particle synthesis flame reactor. Appl. Phys. B 94, 119–125 (2009)
M. Versluis et al., 2-D absolute OH concentration profiles in atmospheric flames using planar LIF in a bi-directional laser beam configuration. Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt. 65(3), 411–417 (1997)
C. Brackmann et al., Structure of premixed ammonia + air flames at atmospheric pressure: laser diagnostics and kinetic modeling. Combust. Flame 163, 370–381 (2016)
J. Luque et al., Quasi-simultaneous detection of CH2O and CH by cavity ring-down absorption and laser-induced fluorescence in a methane/air low-pressure flame. Appl. Phys. B 73(7), 731–738 (2001)
S.V. Naik, N.M. Laurendeau, Measurements of absolute CH concentrations by cavity ring-down spectroscopy and linear laser-induced fluorescence in laminar, counterflow partially premixed and nonpremixed flames at atmospheric pressure. Appl. Opt. 43(26), 5116–5125 (2004)
J.D. Koch et al., Rayleigh-calibrated fluorescence quantum yield measurements of acetone and 3-pentanone. Appl. Opt. 43(31), 5901–5910 (2004)
C. Kaminski, P. Ewart, Absolute concentration measurements of C2 in a diamond CVD reactor by laser-induced fluorescence. Appl. Phys. B 61(6), 585–592 (1995)
J. Luque, D. Crosley, Absolute CH concentrations in low-pressure flames measured with laser-induced fluorescence. Appl. Phys. B 63(1), 91–98 (1996)
J. Luque et al., Quantitative laser-induced fluorescence of CH in atmospheric pressure flames. Appl. Phys. B 75(6–7), 779–790 (2002)
W. Juchmann et al. Absolute radical concentration measurements and modeling of low-pressure CH4/O2/NO flames, in Symposium (International) on Combustion (Elsevier, 1998)
W.G. Bessler et al., Strategies for laser-induced fluorescence detection of nitric oxide in high-pressure flames: III. Comparison of A−X strategies. Appl. Opt. 42(24), 4922–4936 (2003)
W.G. Bessler et al., Strategies for laser-induced fluorescence detection of nitric oxide in high-pressure flames. I. A−X (0, 0) excitation. Appl. Opt. 41(18), 3547–3557 (2002)
A.C. Eckbreth, Laser Diagnostics for Combustion Temperature and Species, 2 edn. (Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, 1996)
S.V. Naik, N.M. Laurendeau, Measurements of absolute CH concentrations by cavity ring-down spectroscopy and linear laser-induced fluorescence in laminar, counterflow partially premixed and nonpremixed flames at atmospheric pressure. Appl. Opt. 43, 5116–5125 (2004)
M. Born, E. Wolf, Principles of Optics (Pergamon. New York, 1980) pp. 393–401
I.S. McDermid, J.B. Laudenslager, Radiative lifetimes and electronic quenching rate constants for single-photon-excited rotational levels of NO (A2Σ+, v′ = 0). J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 27, 483–492 (1982)
C. Amiot, R. Bacis, G. Guelachvili, Infrared study of the X2Π v = 0, 1, 2 levels of 14N16O. Preliminary results on the v = 0, 1 levels of 14N17O, 14N18O, and 15N16O. Can. J. Phys. 56, 251–265 (1978)
M. Geier, C.B. Dreyer, T.E. Parker, Laser-induced emission spectrum from high-temperature silica-generating flames. J. Quant. Spectr. Radiat. Transf. 109, 822–830 (2008)
P. Andresen et al., Laser-induced fluorescence with tunable excimer lasers as a possible method for instantaneous temperature field measurements at high pressures: checks with an atmospheric flame. Appl. Opt. 27(2), 365–378 (1988)
H.S. Liszt, W.M.H. Smith, RKR Franck–Condon factors for blue and ultraviolet transitions of some molecules of astrophysical interest and some comments on the interstellar abundance of CH, CH+ and SiH+. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Trans. 12, 947–958 (1972)
W.H. Smith, H. Liszt, Radiative lifetimes and absolute oscillator strengths for the SiO A1Π-X1Σ + transition. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 12(4), 505–509 (1972)
J. Oddershede, N. Elander, Spectroscopic constants and radiative lifetimes for valence-excited bound states in SiO. J. Chem. Phys. 65(9), 3495–3505 (1976)
S.R. Langhoff, J.O. Arnold, Theoretical study of the X1Σ+, A1Π, C1Σ− and E1Σ + states for the SiO molecule. J. Chem. Phys. 70(2), 852–863 (1979)
S. Chattopadhyaya, A. Chattopadhyay, K.K. Das, Configuration interaction study of the low-lying electronic states of silicon monoxide. J. Phys. Chem. A 107(1), 148–158 (2003)
I. Drira et al., Theoretical study of the A1Π− X1Σ+ and E1Σ+ − X1Σ+ bands of SiO. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 60(1), 1–8 (1998)
Acknowledgements
The financial support of this project by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within FOR 2284 (contract DR 195/17-2) is gratefully acknowledged. The authors also thank Torsten Endres, Siavash Zabeti and Usama Murtaza for fruitful discussions and supporting experiments.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chrystie, R.S.M., Ebertz, F.L., Dreier, T. et al. Absolute SiO concentration imaging in low-pressure nanoparticle-synthesis flames via laser-induced fluorescence. Appl. Phys. B 125, 29 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-019-7137-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-019-7137-8