Abstract
Continuing studies into an all-diode laser-based 3.3 μm difference frequency generation cavity ring-down spectroscopy system are presented. Light from a 1,560 nm diode laser, amplified by an erbium-doped fibre amplifier, was mixed with 1,064 nm diode laser radiation in a bulk periodically poled lithium niobate crystal to generate 16 μW of mid-IR light at 3,346 nm with a conversion efficiency of \(0.05\,\%\,{\text{W}}^{-1}\,{\text{cm}}^{-1}\). This radiation was coupled into a 77 cm long linear cavity with average mirror reflectivities of 0.9996, and a measured baseline ring-down time of \(6.07\pm 0.03\,\upmu{\rm s}\). The potential of such a spectrometer was illustrated by investigating the \(P(3)\) transition in the fundamental \(\nu_{3}(F_{2})\) band of \({\text{CH}}_4\) both in a 7.5 ppmv calibrated mixture of \({\text{CH}}_4\) in air and in breath samples from methane and non-methane producers under conditions where the minimum detectable absorption coefficient (\(\alpha_{\rm min}\)) was \(2.8 \times 10^{-8}\,{\rm cm}^{-1}\) over 6 s using a ring-down time acquisition rate of 20 Hz. Allan variance measurements indicated an optimum \(\alpha_{\rm min}\) of \(2.9\times 10^{-9}\,{\rm cm}^{-1}\) over 44 s.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M.W. Sigrist (ed.), Air Monitoring by Spectroscopic Techniques (Wiley, New York, 1994)
A. Fried, D. Richter, in Analytical Techniques for Atmospheric Measurement, ed. by D.E. Heard (Blackwell Sci, Oxford, 2006), p. 72
C. Wang, P. Sahay, Sensors 9, 8230 (2009)
F.K. Tittel, D. Richter, A. Fried, in Topics in Applied Physics, Vol. 89, ed. by I.T. Sorokina, K.L. Vodopyanov (Springer, Berlin, 2003), p. 445
A. Godard, C. R. Physique 8, 1100 (2007)
W. Chen, J. Cousin, E. Poullet, J. Burie, D. Boucher, X. Gao, M. Sigrist, F. Tittel, C. R. Physique 8, 1129 (2007)
J. Faist, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, C. Sirtori, A.L. Hutchinson, A.Y. Cho, Science 264, 553 (1994)
C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D.L. Sivco, A.Y. Cho, Rep. Prog. Phys. 64, 1533 (2001)
S. Welzel, F. Hempel, M. Hübner, N. Lang, P.B. Davies, J. Röpcke, Sensors 10, 6861 (2010)
R.F. Curl, F. Capasso, C. Gmachl, A.A. Kosterev, B. McManus, R. Lewicki, M. Pusharsky, G. Wysocki, F.K. Tittel, Chem. Phys. Lett. 487, 1 (2010)
Daylight Solutions Inc., San Diego, USA, http://www.daylightsolutions.com/
I. Vurgaftman, W.W. Bewley, C.L. Canedy, C.S. Kim, M. Kim, J.R. Lindle, C.D. Merritt, J. Abell, J.R. Meyer, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. 17, 1435 (2011)
L. Naehle, S. Belahsene, M. von Edlinger, M. Fischer, G. Boissier, P. Grech, G. Narcy, A. Vicet, Y. Rouillard, J. Koeth, L. Worschech, Electron. Lett. 47, 46 (2011)
R.W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics (Academic Press, San Diego, 2003)
L. Ciaffoni, G. Hancock, P.L. Hurst, M. Kingston, C.E. Langley, R. Peverall, G.A.D. Ritchie, K.E. Whittaker, Appl. Phys. B. (2012) doi:10.1007/s00340-011-4869-5
M. Lewander, A. Fried, P. Weibring, D. Richter, S. Spuler, L. Rippe, Appl. Phys. B 104, 715 (2011)
J.A. Silver, Appl. Opt. 31, 707 (1992)
G.E. Hall, S.W. North, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 51, 243 (2000)
S.S. Brown, Chem. Rev. 103, 5219 (2003)
M. Mazurenka, A.J. Orr-Ewing, R. Peverall, G.A.D. Ritchie, Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. C 101, 100 (2005).
A. O’Keefe, D.A.G. Deacon, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59, 2544 (1988)
D. Richter, D.G. Lancaster, R.F. Curl, W. Neu, F.K. Tittel, Appl. Phys. B 67, 347 (1998)
D. Richter, M. Erdelyi, R.F. Curl, F.K. Tittel, C. Oppenheimer, H.J. Duffell, M. Burton, Opt. Laser. Eng. 37, 171 (2002)
H.Y. Clark, L. Corner, W. Denzer, G. Hancock, A. Hutchinson, M. Islam, R. Peverall, G.A.D. Ritchie, Chem. Phys. Lett. 399, 102 (2004)
W. Denzer, G. Hancock, A. Hutchinson, M. Munday, R. Peverall, G.A.D. Ritchie, Appl. Phys. B 86, 437 (2007)
R. Grilli, L. Ciaffoni, G. Hancock, R. Peverall, G.A.D. Ritchie, A.J. Orr-Ewing, Appl. Opt. 48, 5696 (2009)
L. Ciaffoni, R. Grilli, G. Hancock, A.J. Orr-Ewing, R. Peverall, G.A.D. Ritchie, Appl. Phys. B 94, 517 (2009)
P. Weibring, D. Richter, J.G. Walega, A. Fried, Opt. Express 15, 13476 (2007)
D. Marinov, J. Rey, M.W. Sigrist, Appl. Opt. 47, 1956 (2008)
S. Stry, P. Hering, M. Mürtz, Appl. Phys. B 75, 297 (2002)
D. Halmer, S. Thelen, P. Hering, M. Mürtz, Appl. Phys. B 85, 437 (2006)
I. Galli, P. Cancio., G. Di Lonardo, L. Fusina, D. Mazzotti, F. Tamassia, P. De Natale, Mol. Phys. 109, 2267 (2011)
P. Cancio, S. Bartalini, S. Borri, I. Galli, G. Gagliardi, G. Giusfredi, P. Maddaloni, P. Malara, D. Mazzotti, P. De Natale, Appl. Phys. B 102, 255 (2011)
K. Dryahina, D. Smith, P. Spanel, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp. 24, 1296 (2010)
L. Le Marchand, L.R. Wilkens, P. Harwood, R.V. Cooney, Environ. Health Persp. 98, 199 (1992)
M. Pimentel, A.G. Mayer, S. Park, E.J. Chow, A. Hasan, Y. Kong, Digest. Dis. Sci. 48, 86 (2003)
K.L. Moskalenko, A.I. Nadezhdinskii, I.A. Adamovskaya, Infrared Phys. Techn. 37, 181 (1996)
P. Bergamaschi, M. Schupp, G.W. Harris, Appl. Opt. 33, 7704 (1994)
C. Fischer, M.W. Sigrist, in Topics in Applied Physics, vol. 89, ed. by I.T. Sorokina, K.L. Vodopyanov (Springer, Berlin, 2003), p. 97
P.E. Powers, Fundamentals of Nonlinear Optics (Taylor and Francis, London, 2011)
D. Hum, M. Fejer, C. R. Physique 8, 180 (2007)
S. Borri, P. Cancio, P. De Natale, G. Giusfredi, D. Mazzotti, F. Tamassia, Appl. Phys. B 76, 473 (2003)
D.H. Jundt, Opt. Lett. 22, 1553 (1997)
D. Richter, P. Weibring, A. Fried, O. Tadanaga, Y. Nishida, M. Asobe, H. Suzuki, Opt. Express 15, 564 (2007)
L.G. Deng, K. He, T. Zhou, C. Li, J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 7, 409 (2005)
A. O’Keefe, Chem. Phys. Lett. 293, 331 (1998)
G. Berden, R. Engeln (eds.), Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy: Techniques and Applications (Wiley, Chichester, 2009)
J. Morville, S. Kassi, M. Chenevier, D. Romanini, Appl. Phys. B 80, 1027 (2005)
R. Engeln, G. Berden, R. Peeters, G. Meijer, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 3763 (1998)
J.M. Herbelin, J.A. McKay, M.A. Kwok, R.H. Ueunten, D.S. Urevig, D.J. Spencer, D.J. Benard, Appl. Opt. 19, 144 (1980)
G. Giusfredi, S. Bartalini, S. Borri, P. Cancio, I. Galli, D. Mazzotti, P. De Natale, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 110801 (2010)
P. Maddaloni, G. Gagliardi, P. Malara, P. De Natale, Appl. Phys. B 80, 141 (2005)
D.R. Skinner, R.E. Whitcher, J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 5, 237 (1972)
D. Halmer, G. von Basum, P. Hering, M. Mürtz, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 2187 (2004)
M.A. Everest, D.B. Atkinson, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 023108 (2008)
T.H. Lee, The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004)
H. Feng, E. Patzak, J. Sanitar, Photonic Netw. Commun. 4, 151 (2002)
L.G. Kazovsky, S.-W. Wong, V. Gudla, P.T. Afshar, S.-H. Yen, S. Yamashita, Y. Yan, IET Optoelectron. 5, 133 (2011)
P. Werle, R. Mucke, F. Slemr, Appl. Phys. B 57, 131 (1993)
L.S. Rothman, D. Jacquemart, A. Barbe, D. Chris Benner, M. Birk, L.R. Brown, M.R. Carleer, C. Chackerian Jr, K. Chancea, L.H. Coudert, V. Dana, V.M. Devi, J.-M. Flaud, R.R. Gamache, A. Goldman, J.-M. Hartmann, K.W. Jucks, A.G. Maki, J.-Y. Mandin, S.T. Massie, J. Orphal, A. Perrin, C.P. Rinsland, M.A.H. Smith, J. Tennyson, R.N. Tolchenov, R.A. Toth, J. Vander Auwera, P. Varanasi, G. Wagner, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 96, 139 (2005)
C.E. Langley, DPhil thesis, University of Oxford (2012)
I. Galli, S. Bartalini, S. Borri, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, D. Mazzotti, P. De Natale, Opt. Lett. 35, 3616 (2010)
I. Galli, S. Bartalini, P. Cancio, G. Giusfredi, D. Mazzotti, P. De Natale, Opt. Express 17, 9582 (2009)
I. Galli, S. Bartalini, S. Borri, P. Cancio, D. Mazzotti, P. De Natale, G. Giusfredi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 270802 (2011)
T.B. Chu, M. Broyer, J. Physique 46, 523 (1985)
R. Grilli, L. Ciaffoni, A.J. Orr-Ewing, Opt. Lett. 35, 1383 (2010)
L. Ciaffoni, R. Peverall, G.A.D. Ritchie, J. Breath Res. 5, 024002 (2011)
G. Maisons, P. Gorrotxategi Carbajo, M. Carras, D. Romanini, Opt. Lett. 35, 3607 (2010)
D.J. Hamilton, A.J. Orr-Ewing, Appl. Phys. B 102, 879 (2011)
G. Wysocki, Y. Bakhirkin, S. So, F.K. Tittel, C.J. Hill, R.Q. Yang, M.P. Fraser, Appl. Opt. 46, 8202 (2007)
A.G. Carlton, C. Wiedinmyer, J.H. Kroll, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 4987 (2009)
K.E. Whittaker, L. Ciaffoni, G. Hancock, M. Islam, R. Peverall, G.A.D. Ritchie, Appl. Phys. B (2012) doi:10.1007/s00340-012-5071-0
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the EPSRC for providing a Doctoral Training Award for this project (KEW) and financial support through the grant EP/E019765/1.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Whittaker, K.E., Ciaffoni, L., Hancock, G. et al. A DFG-based cavity ring-down spectrometer for trace gas sensing in the mid-infrared. Appl. Phys. B 109, 333–343 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-012-5150-2
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-012-5150-2