Applied Physics B

, Volume 105, Issue 4, pp 915–922 | Cite as

Applications of LIBS for determination of ionic species (NaCl) in electrical cables for investigation of electrical breakdown

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Abstract

The formation of water trees in high-voltage cables can wreak havoc to power systems. The water tree is produced within the high voltage cable insulator when impurities like sodium and magnesium present in the insulating material react with moist soil to form chlorides. This water tree causes electrical breakdown by short circuiting the metallic conductor and the earth. In this paper we use laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to detect the potentially dangerous elements that form the water tree in the insulating cable. The LIBS system used for this work consists of the fundamental (1064 nm) of a Nd:YAG laser, four spectrometer modules that cover the visible and near-UV spectral ranges and an ICCD camera with proper delay and gating sequence. With this arrangement we were able to measure the elemental concentrations of trace metals present in the insulating cable. The concentrations measured with our LIBS system were counter checked by a standard technique like inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectrometry. The maximum concentrations for ionic species such as Ba (455.40 nm), Ca (393.36 nm), Cr (267.71 nm), Fe (259.94 nm), Cl (542.3 nm), Mg (516.7 nm), Mn (257.61 nm), Na (589.59 nm) and Ti (334.18 nm) are 20.6, 43.2, 1.6, 148.4, 24.2, 22.1, 4.2, 39.56 and 4.35 ppm, respectively. The relative accuracy of our LIBS system for various elements as compared with the ICP method is in the range of 0.03–0.6 at 2.5% error confidence.

Keywords

Inductively Couple Plasma LDPE Electrical Breakdown Laser Induce Breakdown Spectroscopy Electrical Cable 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag 2011

Authors and Affiliations

  • M. A. Gondal
    • 1
  • M. H. Shwehdi
    • 2
  • A. A. I. Khalil
    • 3
    • 4
  1. 1.Laser Research Group, Physics Department and Center of Excellence in NanotechnologyKing Fahd University of Petroleum & MineralsDhahranKingdom of Saudi Arabia
  2. 2.Electrical Engineering DepartmentKing Fahd University of Petroleum & MineralsDhahranKingdom of Saudi Arabia
  3. 3.National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES)Cairo UniversityGizaEgypt
  4. 4.Physics Department, Faculty of Science for GirlsDammam UniversityDammamKingdom of Saudi Arabia

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