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Changes in phytoplankton bloom phenology over the North Water (NOW) polynya: a response to changing environmental conditions

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Abstract

Marine ecological indicators can be used to assess the condition of the pelagic ecosystems. The bloom onset provides a warning bell for possible changes in trophic interactions and biogeochemical processes. However, depicting the phenology of phytoplankton blooms at high latitudes, where long-term observations are sparse or unavailable, is not a straightforward task. A data-interpolating empirical orthogonal function algorithm was applied to daily satellite-retrieved chlorophyll-a images to produce a long-term (1998–2014) and cloud-free data set over the North Water (NOW) polynya. The seasonal bloom was modeled using a multi-Gaussian approach from which a baseline of phenological characteristics was extracted. The correlation analysis highlights the influence of environmental factors, such as sea surface temperature, cloud fraction, wind stress, and sea-ice concentration, in modulating the bloom start date, its duration, and amplitude. The year-to-year variability in bloom onset appears to be controlled by a delicate balance between oceanographic and meteorological conditions. Blooms last longer during years characterized by a longer open-water period and are shorter during those characterized by greater sea-ice coverage. Noteworthy is the decrease in phytoplankton bloom amplitude over the 17 years examined. Collectively, these outcomes depict the NOW as a climate-sensitive region in which the pelagic marine ecosystem seems to be going toward a decline in chlorophyll-a concentrations. Satellite time series are still too short to differentiate between inter-annual variability, inter-decadal variability, and climate change signal. Should these changes persist; however, the NOW may no longer act as a productive regional oasis supporting thriving populations of zooplankton and top predators.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by grants from ArcticNet, the Network of Centres of Excellence of Canada and the NSERC, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (to S. B., J.-É. T. and D. D.). C. M. received a postgraduate scholarship from Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR) and funded by ArcticNet. C.A. is funded by a MELS FQRNT and RAQ postdoctoral fellowship. This is a contribution to the research programs of ArcticNet and Québec-Océan. We would like to thank M. Taylor for providing useful information about the use of the DINOEF method. We are very grateful to the reviewers for their helpful comments and remarks. We also thank E. Calabretta and L. Gray for language support.

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  1. Département de biologie, Chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada

    Christian Marchese, Camille Albouy, Steve Vissault & Simon Bélanger

  2. Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Camille Albouy

  3. Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland

    Camille Albouy

  4. Québec-Océan et Takuvik, Département de biologie, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, 1045 av. de la Médecine, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada

    Jean-Éric Tremblay

  5. Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des ursulines, Québec, G5L 3A1, Canada

    Dany Dumont

  6. Laboratoire d’Oceanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Université Pierre et Marie Curie and CNRS, UMR 7093, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France

    Fabrizio D’Ortenzio

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Marchese, C., Albouy, C., Tremblay, JÉ. et al. Changes in phytoplankton bloom phenology over the North Water (NOW) polynya: a response to changing environmental conditions. Polar Biol 40, 1721–1737 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2095-2

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