Rheumatology International

, Volume 35, Issue 12, pp 2079–2089 | Cite as

Relationship between hyperuricemia and dietary risk factors in Chinese adults: a cross-sectional study

  • Xue Li
  • Peige Song
  • Junping Li
  • Peiyu Wang
  • Guowei Li
Original Article - Observational Research
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Previous studies focusing on identification of dietary risk factors for hyperuricemia reported controversial findings. Moreover, evidence for relationship between hyperuricemia and eating and cooking habits remained scanty. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between hyperuricemia and dietary risk factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1583 participants in a Beijing community. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests were also performed. The prevalence of hyperuricemia was 14.1 % (20.2 % for males and 7.4 % for females). Among the 1372 subjects included for analysis, 720 (52.5 %) were males and the mean age was 37.7 years. For males, statistically significant associations between hyperuricemia and tea intake, breakfast and midnight snack consumption were found, with an odds ratio of 0.56 (high vs. low), 2.14 (often vs. always) and 0.52 (rarely vs. always), respectively. Smoking, fatty liver disease, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting blood glucose were significantly related to increased serum uric acid (SUA), with a coefficient of 20.06, 11.52, 7.29, 18.97 and 13.37 on SUA, respectively. For females, no statistically significant associations between hyperuricemia and dietary risk factors were observed. In summary, hyperuricemia is highly prevalent among the adult participants in this Chinese community, especially for men. High tea intake and consuming midnight snack rarely are significantly related to decreased risk of hyperuricemia, while often-eating breakfast is associated with increased risk of hyperuricemia compared with always-eating breakfast in males. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the findings and to establish dietary recommendations for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia.

Keywords

Hyperuricemia Risk factor Food frequency questionnaire Eating habits Cooking styles 

Abbreviations

SUA

Serum uric acid

BMI

Body mass index

WC

Waist circumferences

SBP

Systolic blood pressure

DBP

Diastolic blood pressure

TC

Total cholesterol

TG

Triglyceride

HDL-C

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

LDL-C

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

FBG

Fasting blood glucose

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgments

We thanked Doctor Congmiao Wang and Director Shengmin Wang for their consistent support in the field investigation and data collection herein. We also acknowledged Dr. Evropi Theodoratou for her critical revision of the manuscript.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Financial disclosure

This research was supported in part by a grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30671759).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

References

  1. 1.
    Torralba KD, Jesus E, Rachabattula S (2012) The interplay between diet, urate transporters and the risk for gout and hyperuricemia: current and future directions. Int J Rheum Dis 15:499–506CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Chindese Medical Association (2004) Guidelines for treatment of primary gout and hyperuricemia. Chin J Rheumatol 8:178–181Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Lawrence RC, Helmick CG, Arnett FC, Deyo RA, Felson DT, Giannini EH et al (1998) Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis Rheumatol 41:778–799CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Zhang Q, Lou S, Meng Z, Ren X (2011) Gender and age impacts on the correlations between hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome in Chinese. Clin Rheumatol 30:777–787CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Choi HK, Ford ES (2007) Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in individuals with hyperuricemia. Am J Med 120:442–447CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Vučak J, Katić M, Bielen I, Vrdoljak D, Lalić DI, Kranjčević K, Marković BB (2012) Association between hyperuricemia, prediabetes, and prehypertension in the Croatian adult population-a cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 12:117PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Sluijs I, Beulens JW, Spijkerman AM, Schulze MB, van der Schouw YT (2013) Plasma uric acid is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes independent of diet and metabolic risk factors. J Nutr 143:80–85CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK (2011) Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2008. Arthritis Rheum 63:3136–3141CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Liu L, Lou S, Xu K, Meng Z, Zhang Q, Song K (2013) Relationship between lifestyle choices and hyperuricemia in Chinese men and women. Clin Rheumatol 32:233–239CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Shipley M (2011) Hyperuricemia and gout. JR Coll Physicians Edinb 41:229–233CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Zgaga L, Theodoratou E, Kyle J, Farrington SM, Agakov F, Tenesa A et al (2012) The association of dietary intake of purine-rich vegetables, sugar-sweetened beverages and dairy with plasma urate, in a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 7:e38123PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G (2004) Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. N Engl J Med 350:1093–1103CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Wang DD, Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ, Chiavaroli L, Ha V, Cozma AI et al (2012) The effects of fructose intake on serum uric acid vary among controlled dietary trials. J Nutr 142:916–923PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    Lyu LC, Hsu CY, Yeh CY, Lee MS, Huang SH, Chen CL (2003) A case-control study of the association of diet and obesity with gout in Taiwan. Am J Clin Nutr 78:690–701PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Ghadirian P, Shatenstein B, Verdy M, Hamet P (1995) The influence of dairy products on plasma uric acid in women. Eur J Epidemiol 11:275–281CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Choi HK, Liu S, Curhan G (2005) Intake of purine-rich foods, protein, and dairy products and relationship to serum levels of uric acid: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis Rheum 52:283–289CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Garrel DR, Verdy M, PetitClerc C, Martin C, Brule D, Hamet P (1991) Milk-and soy-protein ingestion: acute effect on serum uric acid concentration. Am J Clin Nutr 53:665–669PubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Li G, Cheng Z, Wang C, Liu A, He Y, Wang P (2013) Prevalence of and risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in community-dwellers of Beijing, China. OA Evid Based Med 1:1–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Ahn SH, Lee SH, Kim BJ, Lim KH, Bae SJ, Kim EH et al (2013) Higher serum uric acid is associated with higher bone mass, lower bone turnover, and lower prevalence of vertebral fracture in healthy postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 24:2961–2970CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Chinese Nutrition Society (2008) Chinese dietary guidelines (2007), 1st edn. Tibet Press, BeijingGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Chinese Medical Association (2006) Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 14:161–163Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    Shin A, Lim SY, Sung J, Shin HR, Kim J (2009) Dietary intake, eating habits, and metabolic syndrome in Korean men. J Am Diet Assoc 109:633–640CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Miles J, Shevlin M (2001) Appling regression and correlation: a guide for students. Sage Publications Limited, LondonGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Qiu L, Cheng XQ, Wu J, Liu JT, Xu T, Ding HT et al (2013) Prevalence of hyperuricemia and its related risk factors in healthy adults from Northern and Northeastern Chinese provinces. BMC Public Health 13:664PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Liu B, Wang T, Zhao HN, Yue WW, Yu HP, Liu CX et al (2011) The prevalence of hyperuricemia in China: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 11:832CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Yu KH, See LC, Huang YC, Yang CH, Sun JH (2008) Dietary factors associated with hyperuricemia in adults. In: Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism. Vol 37, No 4. WB Saunders, pp 243–250Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    Murota I, Taguchi S, Sato N, Park EY, Nakamura Y, Sato K (2014) Identification of antihyperuricemic peptides in the proteolytic digest of shark cartilage water extract using in vivo activity-guided fractionation. J Agric Food Chem 62:2392–2397CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Yu JW, Yang TG, Diao WX, Cai XQ, Li T, Zhong H et al (2010) Epidemiological study on hyperuricemia and gout in Foshan areas, Guangdong province. Chin J Epidemiol 31:860–862Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    Choi HK, Curhan G (2007) Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and serum uric acid level: the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Arthritis Care Res 57(5):816–821CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Chuang SY, Lee SC, Hsieh YT, Pan WH (2011) Trends in hyperuricemia and gout prevalence: nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan from 1993–1996 to 2005–2008. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 20:301PubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Pham NM, Yoshida D, Morita M, Yin G, Toyomura K, Ohnaka K et al (2010) The relation of coffee consumption to serum uric Acid in Japanese men and women aged 49–76 years. J Nutr Metab 2010:1–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Dalbeth N, So A (2010) Hyperuricaemia and gout: state of the art and future perspectives. Ann Rheum Dis 69:1738–1743CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Deshmukh-Taskar PR, Nicklas TA, O’Neil CE, Keast DR, Radcliffe JD, Cho S (2010) The relationship of breakfast skipping and type of breakfast consumption with nutrient intake and weight status in children and adolescents: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2006. J Am Diet Assoc 110:869–878CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Manampiring AE, As’ad S, Natsir R, Warouw SM (2014) Components of metabolic syndrome and hyperuricemia, in obese adolescent in Minahasa North Sulawesi province. Sch J App Med Sci 2:3404–3408Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    Bray GA, Bellanger T (2006) Epidemiology, trends, and morbidities of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Endocrine 29:109–117CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Wang Y, Yan S, Li C, Zhao S, Lv J, Wang F (2013) Risk factors for gout developed from hyperuricemia in China: a five-year prospective cohort study. Rheumatol Int 33:705–710CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    El-Zayadi AR, Selim O, Hamdy H, El-Tawil A, Moustafa H (2002) Heavy cigarette smoking induces hypoxic polycythemia (erythrocytosis) and hyperuricemia in chronic hepatitis C patients with reversal of clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters with therapeutic phlebotomy. Am J Gastroenterol 97:1264–1265CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Chen LY, Zhu WH, Chen ZW, Dai HL, Ren JJ, Chen JH et al (2007) Relationship between hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 8:593–598PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Nakanishi N, Okamoto M, Yoshida H, Matsuo Y, Suzuki K, Tatara K (2003) Serum uric acid and risk for development of hypertension and impaired fasting glucose or Type II diabetes in Japanese male office workers. Eur J Epidemiol 18:523–530CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Nan H, Qiao Q, Dong Y, Gao W, Tang B, Qian R, Tuomilehto J (2006) The prevalence of hyperuricemia in a population of the coastal city of Qingdao, China. J Rheumatol 33:1346–1350PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  • Xue Li
    • 1
  • Peige Song
    • 2
  • Junping Li
    • 3
  • Peiyu Wang
    • 2
  • Guowei Li
    • 4
  1. 1.Center for Population Health ScienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
  2. 2.School of Public HealthPeking UniversityBeijingChina
  3. 3.Department of Clinical MedicineXingtai Medical CollegeXingtaiChina
  4. 4.Department of Clinical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada

Personalised recommendations