Isolation of Commensal Bacteria from Umbilical Cord Blood of Healthy Neonates Born by Cesarean Section
Article
First Online:
- 2.3k Downloads
- 231 Citations
Abstract
In a previous study, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from meconium obtained from healthy neonates born by cesarean section. Such a finding suggested that term fetuses are not completely sterile, and that a mother-to-child efflux of commensal bacteria may exist. Therefore, presence of such bacteria in umbilical cord blood of healthy neonates born by elective cesarean section was investigated. The blood samples were submitted to an enrichment step and then inoculated onto agar plates. All the identified isolates belonged to the genus Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, or Propionibacterium. Later, a group of pregnant mice were orally inoculated with a genetically labeled E. faecium strain previously isolated from breast milk of a healthy woman. The labeled strain could be isolated and polymerase chain reaction detected from the amniotic fluid of the inoculated animals. In contrast, it could not be detected in the samples obtained from a noninoculated control group.
Keywords
Cesarean Section Amniotic Fluid Umbilical Cord Blood Pregnant Mouse Commensal Bacterium
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Notes
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the personnel of the Hospital Doce de Octubre (Madrid, Spain) who collaborated in the collection of the samples. This study was partly supported by grant AGL2003-01242 from the Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (Spain).
Literature Cited
- 1.Bearfield C, Davenport ES, Sivapathasundaram V, Allaker RP (2002) Possible association between amniotic fluid micro-organism infection and microflora in the mouth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 109:527–533Google Scholar
- 2.Becker MR, Paster BJ, Leys EJ, Moeschberger ML, Kenyon SG, Galvin JL, et al. (2002) Molecular analysis of bacterial species associated with childhood caries. J Clin Microbiol 40:1001–1009CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 3.Bhowmik T, Steele JL (1993) Development of an electroporation procedure for gene disruption in Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ32. J Gen Microbiol 139:1433–1439Google Scholar
- 4.Caufield PW, Dasanayake AP, Li Y, Pan Y, Hsu J, Hardin JM (2000) Natural history of Streptococcus sanguinis in the oral cavity of infants: evidence for a discrete window of infectivity. Infect Immun 68:4018–4023CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 5.Collins JK, Thornton G, Sullivan GO (1998) Selection of probiotic strains for human applications. Int Dairy J 8:487–490CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.Dasanayake AP, Li Y, Wiener H, Ruby JD, Lee MJ (2005) Salivary Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 2 and Lactobacillus casei levels predict pregnancy outcomes. J Periodontol 76:171–177CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 7.Dodd HM, Horn N, Gasson MJ (1995) A cassette vector for protein engineering the lantibiotic nisin. Gene 162:163–164CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 8.Favier CF, Vaughan EE, de Vos WM, Akkermans ADL (2002) Molecular monitoring of succession of bacterial communities in human neonates. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:219–226CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 9.Fernández L, Marín ML, Langa S, Martín R, Reviriego C, Fernández A, et al. (2004) A novel genetic label for detection of specific probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Food Sci Technol Int 10:101–108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 10.Heikkilä MP, Saris PEJ (2003) Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by the commensal bacteria of human milk. J Appl Microbiol 95:471–478CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 11.Hitti J, Riley DE, Krohn MA, Hillier SL, Agnew KJ, Krieger JN, Eschenbach DA (1997) Broad-spectrum bacterial ribosomal RNA polymerase chain reaction for detecting amniotic fluid infection among women in preterm labor. Clin Infect Dis 24:1228–1232PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 12.Kalliomäki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E (2001) Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 357:1076–1079CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 13.Kirjavainen PV, Apostolou E, Arvola T, Salminen SJ, Gibson GR, Isolauri E (2001) Characterizing the composition of intestinal microflora as a prospective treatment target in infant allergic disease. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 32:1–7CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 14.Kornman KS, Loesche WJ (1980) The subgingival microbial flora during pregnancy. J Periodont Res 15:111–122PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 15.Kullen MJ, Sanozky-Dawes RB, Crowell DC, Klaenhammer TR (2000) Use of the DNA sequence of variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene for rapid and accurate identification of bacteria in the Lactobacillus acidophilus complex. J Appl Microbiol 89:511–516CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 16.Mackie RI, Sghir A, Gaskins HR (1999) Developmental microbial ecology of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Am J Clin Nutr 69:1035S–1045SPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 17.Martín R, Langa S, Reviriego C, Jiménez E, Marín ML, Xaus J, et al. (2003) Human milk is a source of lactic acid bacteria for the infant gut. J Pediatr 143:754–758CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 18.Martín R, Langa S, Reviriego C, Jiménez E, Marín ML, Olivares M, et al. (2004) The commensal microflora of human milk: new perspectives for food bacteriotherapy and probiotics. Trends Food Sci Technol 15:121–127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 19.Matsumiya Y, Kato N, Watanabe K (2002) Molecular epidemiological study of vertical transmission of vaginal Lactobacillus species from mothers to newborn infants in Japanese, by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Chemother 8:43–49PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 20.Rescigno M, Urbano M, Valsazina B, Francoloni M, Rotta G, Bonasio R, et al. (2001) Dendritic cells express tight junction proteins and penetrate gut epithelial monolayers to sample bacteria. Nature Immunol 2:361–367CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.Roitt I (2001) Essential immunology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific PublicationsGoogle Scholar
- 22.Tannock GW (1995) Normal microflora. An introduction to microbes inhabiting the human body. London: Chapman & Ha1lGoogle Scholar
- 23.Tissier H (1900) Recherches sur la flore intestinale des nourrissons (état normal et pathologique). Paris: G. Carre and C. NaudGoogle Scholar
- 24.Uehara Y, Kikuchi K, Nakamura T, Nakama H, Agematsu K, Kawakami Y, et al. (2001) H2O2 produced by viridans group streptococci may contribute to inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization of oral cavities in newborns. Clin Infect Dis 32:1408–1413CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2005