Extended Lymphadenectomy in Rectal Cancer Is Debatable

André T, Boni C, Navarro M et al (2009) Improved overall survival with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment in stage II or III colon cancer in the MOSAIC trial. J Clin Oncol 27:3109–3116PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chang GJ, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Skibber JM et al (2007) Lymph node evaluation and survival after curative resection of colon cancer: systematic review. J Natl Cancer Inst 99:433–441PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

NICE Improving Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer (2004) Manual update. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, LondonGoogle Scholar

Nelson H, Petrelli N, Carlin A, National Cancer Institute Expert Panel (2001) Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:583–596PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldstein NS, Sanford W, Coffey M et al (1996) Lymph node recovery from colorectal resection specimens removed for adenocarcinoma. Trends over time and a recommendation for a minimum number of lymph nodes to be recovered. Am J Clin Pathol 106:209–216PubMedGoogle Scholar

Hernanz F, Revuelta S, Redondo C et al (1994) Colorectal adenocarcinoma: quality of the assessment of lymph node metastases. Dis Colon Rectum 37:373–376PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wong JH, Severino R, Honnebier MB et al (1999) Number of nodes examined and staging accuracy in colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 17:2896–2900PubMedGoogle Scholar

Evans MD, Barton K, Rees A et al (2008) The impact of surgeon and pathologist on lymph node retrieval in colorectal cancer and its impact on survival for patients with Dukes’ stage B disease. Colorectal Dis 10:157–164PubMedGoogle Scholar

Sermier A, Gervaz P, Egger JF et al (2006) Lymph node retrieval in abdominoperineal surgical specimen is radiation time-dependent. World J Surg Oncol 4:29PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wichmann MW, Muller C, Meyer G et al (2002) Effect of preoperative radiochemotherapy on lymph node retrieval after resection of rectal cancer. Arch Surg 137:206–210PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baxter NN, Morris AM, Rothenberger DA et al (2005) Impact of preoperative radiation for rectal cancer on subsequent lymph node evaluation: a population-based analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61:426–431PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nagtegaal ID, van de Velde CJ, van der Worp E et al (2002) Macroscopic evaluation of rectal cancer resection specimen: clinical significance of the pathologist in quality control. J Clin Oncol 20:1729–1734PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rullier A, Laurent C, Capdepont M et al (2008) Lymph nodes after preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal carcinoma: number, status, and impact on survival. Am J Surg Pathol 32:45–50PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Joseph NE, Sigurdson ER, Hanlon AL et al (2003) Accuracy of determining nodal negativity in colorectal cancer on the basis of the number of nodes retrieved on resection. Ann Surg Oncol 10:213–218PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jakub JW, Russell G, Tillman CL et al (2009) Colon cancer and low lymph node count. Who is to blame? Arch Surg 144:1115–1120PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baxter NN, Virnig DJ, Rothenberger DA et al (2005) Lymph node evaluation in colorectal cancer patients: a population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 97:219–225PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gelos M, Gelhaus J, Mehnert P et al (2008) Factors influencing lymph node harvest in colorectal surgery. Int J Colorectal Dis 23:53–59PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tepper JE, O’Connell MJ, Niedzwiecki D et al (2001) Impact of number of nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 19:157–163PubMedGoogle Scholar

MacFarlane JK, Ryall RDH, Heald RJ (1993) Mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet 1993(341):457–460CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heald RJ, Moran BJ, Ryall RDH et al (1998) The Basingstoke experience of total mesorectal excision, 1978–1997. Arch Surg 133:894–899PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fujita S, Yamamoto S, Akasu T et al (2003) Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for advanced lower rectal cancer. Br J Surg 90:1580–1585PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ueno M, Oya M, Azekura K et al (2005) Incidence and prognostic significance of lateral lymph node metastasis in patients with advanced low rectal cancer. Br J Surg 92:756–763PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sugihara K, Kobayashi H, Kato T et al (2006) Indication and benefit of pelvic sidewall dissection for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 49:1663–1672PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mori T, Takahashi K, Yasuno M (1998) Radical resection with autonomic nerve preservation and lymph node dissection techniques in lower rectal cancer surgery and its results: the impact of lateral lymph node dissection. Langenbecks Arch Surg 383:409–415PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Valentini V, Aristei C, Glimelius B et al (2009) Multidisciplinary rectal cancer management: 2nd European Rectal Cancer Consensus Conference (EURECAcc2). Radiother Oncol 92:148–163PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (2009) Japanese classification of colorectal carcinoma, 2nd English edn. Kanehara & Co., TokyoGoogle Scholar

Steup WH (1994) Chapter 6: historical comparison Japanese data NCCH; comparison between Japan and the Netherlands. Doctoral thesis, Colorectal cancer surgery with emphasis on lymphadenectomy. ISBN: 90-9007890-8. 1994;83–100Google Scholar

Moriya Y, Sugihara K, Akasu T et al (1997) Importance of extended lymphadenectomy with lateral node dissection for advanced lower rectal cancer. World J Surg 21:728–732. doi: 10.1007/s002689900298 PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kim TH, Jeong SY, Choi DH et al (2008) Lateral lymph node metastasis is a major cause of locoregional recurrence in rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy and curative resection. Ann Surg Oncol 15:729–737PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Syk E, Torkzad MR, Blomqvist L et al (2006) Radiological findings do not support lateral residual tumour as a major cause of local recurrence of rectal cancer. Br J Surg 93:113–119PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kusters M, Beets GL, van de Velde CJH et al (2009) A comparison between the treatment of low rectal cancer in Japan and the Netherlands, focusing on the patterns of local recurrence. Ann Surg 249:229–235PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Georgiou P, Tan E, Gouvas N et al (2009) Extended lymphadenectomy versus conventional surgery for rectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol 10:1053–1062PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yano H, Moran BJ, Watanabe T et al (2010) Lateral pelvic lymph-node dissection: still an option for cure. Lancet Oncol 11:114; author reply 114–115Google Scholar

Nagawa H, Muto T, Sunouchi K et al (2001) Randomized, controlled trial of lateral node dissection vs. nerve-preserving resection in patients with rectal cancer after preoperative radiotherapy. Dis Colon Rectum 44:1274–1280PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Watanabe T, Tsurita G, Muto T et al (2002) Extended lymphadenectomy and preoperative radiotherapy for lower rectal cancers. Surgery 132:27–33PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dharmarajan S, Shuai D, Fajardo AD et al (2011) Clinically enlarged lateral pelvic lymph nodes do not influence prognosis after neoadjuvant therapy and TME in stage III rectal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 15:1368–1374PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fujita S, Akasu T, Mizusawa J et al (2012) Postoperative morbidity and mortality after mesorectal excision with and without lateral lymph node dissection for clinical stage II or stage III lower rectal cancer (JCOG0212): results from a multicenter, randomized controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 13:616–621PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kyo K, Sameshima S, Takahashi M et al (2006) Impact of autonomic nerve preservation and lateral node dissection on male urogenital function after total mesorectal excision for lower rectal cancer. World J Surg 30:1014–1019. doi: 10.1007/s00268-005-0050-9 PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lange MM, Maas CP, Marijnen CA et al (2008) Urinary dysfunction after rectal cancer treatment is mainly caused by surgery. Br J Surg 95:1020–1028PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lange MM, Marijnen CA, Maas CP et al (2009) Risk factors for sexual dysfunction after rectal cancer treatment. Eur J Cancer 45:1578–1588PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moynihan BG (1908) The surgical treatment of cancer of the sigmoid flexure and rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet 6:463–466Google Scholar

Nelson H, Petrelli N, Carlin A et al (2001) Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:583–596PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC et al (eds) (2010) AJCC cancer staging manual, 7th edn. Springer, New YorkGoogle Scholar

Kanemitsu Y, Hirai T, Komori K et al (2006) Survival benefit of high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in sigmoid colon or rectal cancer surgery. Br J Surg 93:609–615PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yi JW, Lee TG, Lee HS et al (2012) Apical-node metastasis in sigmoid colon or rectal cancer: is it a factor that indicates a poor prognosis after high ligation? Int J Colorectal Dis 27:81–87PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kang J, Hur H, Min BS et al (2011) Prognostic impact of inferior mesenteric artery lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 18:704–710PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lange MM, Buunen M, van de Velde CJH et al (2008) Level of arterial ligation in rectal cancer surgery: low tie preferred over high tie. A review. Dis Colon Rectum 51:1139–1145PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Titu LV, Tweedle E, Rooney PS (2008) High tie of the inferior mesenteric artery in curative surgery for left colonic and rectal cancers: a systematic review. Dig Surg 25:148–157PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cirocchi R, Trastulli S, Farinella E et al (2012) High tie versus low tie of the inferior mesenteric artery in colorectal cancer: a RCT is needed. Surg Oncol 21:e111–e123PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Slanetz CA Jr, Grimson R (1997) Effect of high and intermediate ligation on survival and recurrence rates following curative resection of colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 40:1205–1218PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pezim ME, Nicholls RJ (1984) Survival after high or low ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery during curative surgery for rectal cancer. Ann Surg 200:729–733PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chin CC, Yeh CY, Tang R et al (2008) The oncologic benefit of high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in the surgical treatment of rectal or sigmoid colon cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 23:783–788PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huh JW, Kim YJ, Kim HR (2012) Distribution of lymph node metastases is an independent predictor of survival for sigmoid colon and rectal cancer. Ann Surg 255:70–78PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meyers MA (1976) Griffiths’ point: critical anastomosis at the splenic flexure. Significance in ischemia of the colon. AJR Am J Roentgenol 126:77–94PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dworkin MJ, Allen-Mersh TG (1996) Effect of inferior mesenteric artery ligation on blood flow in the marginal artery-dependent sigmoid colon. J Am Coll Surg 183:357–360PubMedGoogle Scholar

Seike K, Koda K, Saito N et al (2007) Laser Doppler assessment of the influence of divison at the root of the inferior mesenteric artery on anastomotic blood flow in rectosigmoid cancer surgery. Int J Colorectal Dis 22:689–697PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vignali A, Gianotti L, Braga M et al (2000) Altered microperfusion at the rectal stump is predictive for rectal anastomotic leak. Dis Colon Rectum 43:76–82PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

http://www.websurg.com/MEDIA/?noheader¼1&doi¼ot02en202. Accessed 4 April 2012Google Scholar

Corcione F, Miranda L, Settembre A (2008) La chirurgia laparoscopica del retto: total mesorectal excision. In: Corcione F, Miranda L, Ruotolo G (eds) Chirurgia laparoscopica. Idelson-Gnocchi, Reddick, pp 293–305Google Scholar

Rullier E (2005) Exérèse laparoscopique des cancers du rectum. In: Valleur P (ed) Chirurgie du tube digestif bas. Masson, Paris, pp 143–150Google Scholar

Buunen M, Lange MM, Ditzel M et al (2009) Level of arterial ligation in total mesorectal excision (TME): an anatomical study. Int J Colorectal Dis 24:1317–1320PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bonnet S, Berger A, Hentati N et al (2012) High tie versus low tie vascular ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in colorectal cancer surgery: impact on the gain in colon length and implications on the feasibility of anastomoses. Dis Colon Rectum 55:515–521PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grinnell RS (1965) Results of ligation of inferior mesenteric artery at the aorta in resections of carcinoma of the descending and sigmoid colon and rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet 120:1031–1036PubMedGoogle Scholar

Adachi Y, Inomata M, Miyazaki N et al (1998) Distribution of lymph node metastasis and level of inferior mesenteric artery ligation in colorectal cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol 26:179–182PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rutegård M, Hemmingsson O, Matthiessen P et al (2012) High tie in anterior resection for rectal cancer confers no increased risk of anastomotic leakage. Br J Surg 99:127–132PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trencheva K, Morrissey KP, Wells M et al (2013) Identifying important predictors for anastomotic leak after colon and rectal resection: prospective study on 616 patients. Ann Surg 257:108–113PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sato K, Inomata M, Kakisako K et al (2003) Surgical technique influences bowel function after low anterior resection and sigmoid colectomy. Hepatogastroenterology 50:1381–1384PubMedGoogle Scholar

Liang JT, Huang KC, Lai HS et al (2007) Oncologic results of laparoscopic D3 lymphadenectomy for male sigmoid and upper rectal cancer with clinically positive lymph nodes. Ann Surg Oncol 14:1980–1990PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nano M, Dal Corso H, Ferronato M et al (2004) Ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in the surgery of rectal cancer: anatomical considerations. Dig Surg 21:123–127PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar