Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Using Strategic Adaptive Management to Facilitate Implementation of Environmental Flow Programs in Complex Social-Ecological Systems

  • Published:
Environmental Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Freshwater resource management is becoming increasingly complex as human pressure increases on available water resources, and as more participatory transparent decision-making frameworks are being advocated within water management. Complexity is further increased when environmental flow programs are integrated into existing water management programs. Adaptive management frameworks present an obvious choice for integration and implementation of environmental flows, but have so far failed to become the dominant framework. The research presented here highlights the ability of a strategic adaptive management (SAM) approach within an environmental flow program in the Murray Darling Basin of Australia to facilitate planning and implementation of environmental flows. The SAM approach did show that adaptive management can deal with the complexities of designing and implementing environmental flows within complex social-ecological systems, but can have limitations in the long-term. The approach highlighted the importance of social processes within adaptive management, emphasizing that a focus on inclusiveness, commitment, and transparency aimed at building understanding, trust, and ownership are key processes for implementation. In this specific case study, successful implementation was achieved through structured co-design of initial programs and participatory decision-making throughout. However, the SAM approach also showed that adaptive management is vulnerable to challenges in the long-term when resources and expertize change.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abel N et al. (2016) Building resilient pathways to transformation when no one is in charge: insights from Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin. Ecol Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08422-210223

  • ABS (2012) Australian Bureau of Statistics year book. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia

  • Acreman M (2016) Environmental flows—basics for novices Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Water 3:622–628. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acreman MC et al. (2014) The changing role of ecohydrological science in guiding environmental flows. Hydrol Sci J 59:433–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.886019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Addison PFE, de Bie K, Rumpff L (2015) Setting conservation management thresholds using a novel participatory modeling approach. Conserv Biol 29:1411–1422. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aldous A, Fitzsimons J, Richter B, Bach L (2011) Droughts, floods and freshwater ecosystems: evaluating climate change impacts and developing adaptation strategies. Mar Freshw Res 62:223–231. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF09285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderies JM, Janssen MA, Ostrom E (2004) A framework to analyze the robustness of social-ecological systems from an institutional perspective. Ecol Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00610-090118

  • Arnstein SR (1969) A ladder of citizen participation. J Am Inst Plann 35:216–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944366908977225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arthington AH (2013) Environmental flows: saving rivers for the third millennium. University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks SA, Docker BB (2014) Delivering environmental flows in the Murray-Darling Basin (Australia)—legal and governance aspects. Hydrol Sci J 59:688–699. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.825723

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baron JS et al. (2002) Meeting ecological and societal needs for freshwater. Ecol Appl. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1247:MEASNF]2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgartner LJ, Conallin J, Wooden I, Campbell B, Gee R, Robinson WA, Mallen-Cooper M (2014) Using flow guilds of freshwater fish in an adaptive management framework to simplify environmental flow delivery for semi-arid riverine systems. Fish Fish 15:410–427. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett NJ (2016) Using perceptions as evidence to improve conservation and environmental management. Conserv Biol 30:582–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12681

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berkes F, Colding J, Folke C (2003) Navigating social-ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Biggs H, Breen C, Slotow R, Freitag S, Hockings M (2011a) How assessment and reflection relate to more effective learning in adaptive management Koedoe 53:13. 10.4102/koedoe.v53i2.1001

  • Biggs H, Ferreira S, Freitag-Ronaldson S, Grant-Biggs R (2011b) Taking stock after a decade: Does the “thresholds of potential concern” concept need a socio-ecological revamp? Koedoe 53:1–9

  • Biggs R et al. (2015) Strategies for managing complex social-ecological systems in the face of uncertainty: examples from South Africa and beyond. Ecol Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07380-200152

  • Booth A, Halseth G (2011) Why the public thinks natural resources public participation processes fail: a case study of British Columbia communities. Land Use Policy 28:898–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.03.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler JR et al. (2015) Evaluating adaptive co-management as conservation conflict resolution: learning from seals and salmon. J Environ Manag 160:212–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.06.019

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capon SJ, Capon TR (2017) An impossible prescription: why science cannot determine environmental water requirements for a healthy Murray-Darling Basin. Water Econ Policy 0:1650037. https://doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter SR et al. (2015) Plausible futures of a social-ecological system: Yahara watershed, Wisconsin, USA. Ecol Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07433-200210

  • CMA (2010a) Edward-Wakool project plan and situation-stakeholder analysis 2010. Internal report for Murray Catchment Management Authority. Deniliquin, Murray Catchment Management Authority, Australia

  • CMA (2010b) Edward-Wakool fish and flows SAM project. Stakeholder engagement analysis and situation analysis. Internal report for Murray Catchment Management Authority. Deniliquin, Murray Catchment Management Authority, Australia

  • CMA (2014a) Edward-Wakool strategic adaptive management approach (SAM). Thresholds of potential concern (TPCs) (5 year audit report)—summary and recommendations. A report prepared for the Murray Catchement Management Authority. Deniliquin, Murray Catchment Management Authority, Australia

  • CMA (2014b) Edward-Wakool System Flow management: Strategic Adaptive Management Program (2009–2014). Internal Report for Murray Catchement Management Authority. Deniliquin, Murray Catchment Management Authority, Australia

  • Conallin J, Dickens C, Hearne D, Allan C (2017) Stakeholder engagement in environmental water management. In: Horne A, Webb A, Stewardson M, Richter B, Acreman M (eds) Water for the environment: from policy and science to implementation and management. Academic Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Conallin J, McLoughlin CA, Campbell J, Knight R, Bright T, Fisher I (2018a) Stakeholder participation in Freshwater Monitoring and Evaluation Programs: applying thresholds of potential concern within environmental flows Environ Manag 61:408–420. 10.1007/s00267-017-0940-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conallin J, Wilson E, Campbell J (2018b) Implementation of environmental flows for intermittent river systems: adaptive management and stakeholder participation facilitate implementation Environ Manag 61:497–505. 10.1007/s00267-017-0922-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook B, Kesby M, Fazey L, Spray C (2013a) The persistence of “normal” catchment management despite the participatory turn: exploring the power effects of competing frames of reference. Social Stud Sci. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312713478670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook BR et al. (2013b) Interrogating participatory catchment organisations: cases from Canada, New Zealand, Scotland and the Scottish–English Borderlands. Geogr J 179:234–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook CN, Carter RW, Fuller RA, Hockings M (2012) Managers consider multiple lines of evidence important for biodiversity management decisions. J Environ Manag 113:341–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.09.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuppen E (2012) Diversity and constructive conflict in stakeholder dialogue: considerations for design and methods. Policy Sci 45:23–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-011-9141-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Vente J, Reed MS, Stringer LC, Valente S, Newig J (2016) How does the context and design of participatory decision making processes affect their outcomes? Evidence from sustainable land management in global drylands. Ecol Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08053-210224

  • Eddy BG et al. (2014) An information ecology approach to science & policy integration in adaptive management of social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06752-190340

  • Evans M, Pratchett L (2013) The localism gap—the CLEAR failings of official consultation in the Murray. Darling Basin Policy Stud 34:541–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2013.862448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folke C, Gunderson L (2012) Reconnecting to the biosphere: a social-ecological renaissance. Ecol Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05517-170455

  • Freitag S, Biggs H, Breen C (2014) The spread and maturation of strategic adaptive management within and beyond South African national parks. Ecol Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-06338-190325

  • Gordon M, Lockwood M, Vanclay F, Hanson D, Schirmer J (2012) Divergent stakeholder views of corporate social responsibility in the Australian forest plantation sector. J Environ Manag 113:390–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.09.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harley C, Metcalf L, Irwin J (2014) An exploratory study in community perspectives of sustainability leadership in the Murray Darling Basin. J Bus Ethics 124:413–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1877-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart BT (2016a) The Australian Murray–Darling Basin plan: challenges in its implementation (part 1) Int J Water Resour Dev 32:819–834. 10.1080/07900627.2015.1083847

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart BT (2016b) The Australian Murray–Darling Basin plan: challenges in its implementation (Part 2) Int J Water Resour Dev 32:835–852. 10.1080/07900627.2015.1084494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hearne D, Powell B (2014) Too much of a good thing? Building social capital through knowledge transfer and collaborative networks in the southern Philippines. Int J Water Resour Dev 30:495–514. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2014.898579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs RJ (2004) Restoration ecology: the challenge of social values and expectations. Front Ecol Environ. https://doi.org/10.2307/3868294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hockings M (2003) Systems for assessing the effectiveness of management in protected areas. Bioscience 53:823–832. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0823:sfateo]2.0.co;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jepsen AL, Eskerod P (2009) Stakeholder analysis in projects: challenges in using current guidelines in the real world. Int J Proj Manag 27:335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2008.04.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jorda-Capdevila D, Rodríguez-Labajos B (2017) Socioeconomic value(s) of restoring environmental flows. Syst Rev Guid Assess River Res Appl 33:305–320. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.3074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kendy E, Flessa KW, Schlatter KJ, de la Parra CA, Hinojosa Huerta OM, Carrillo-Guerrero YK, Guillen E (2017) Leveraging environmental flows to reform water management policy: lessons learned from the 2014 Colorado River Delta pulse flow. Ecol Eng. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.02.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King AJ, Ward KA, OConnor P, Green D, Tonkin Z, Mahoney J (2010) Adaptive management of an environmental watering event to enhance native fish spawning and recruitment. Freshw Biol 55:17–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02178.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kingsford RT (2000) Ecological impacts of dams, water diversions and river management on floodplain wetlands in Australia. Austral Ecol 25:109–127. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01036.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kingsford RT, Biggs H (2012) Strategic adaptive management guidelines for effective conservation of freshwater ecosystems in and around protected areas of the world. IUCN WCPA Freshwater Taskforce, Australian Wetlands and Rivers Centre, Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kingsford RT, Biggs HC, Pollard SR (2011) Strategic adaptive management in freshwater protected areas and their rivers. Biol Conserv 144:1194–1203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight AT, Cowling RM, Boshoff AF, Wilson SL, Pierce SM (2011) Walking in STEP: Lessons for linking spatial prioritisations to implementation strategies Biol Conserv 144(1):202–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.08.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koehler B, Koontz TM (2007) Citizen participation in collaborative watershed partnerships. Environ Manag 41:143–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-007-9040-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koontz TM (2005) We finished the plan, so now what? Impacts of collaborative stakeholder participation on land use policy. Policy Stud J 33:459–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2005.00125.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koontz TM, Johnson EM (2004) One size does not fit all: Matching breadth of stakeholder participation to watershed group accomplishments. Policy Sci 37:185–204. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:olic.0000048532.94150.07

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koontz TM, Sen S (2013) Community responses to government defunding of watershed projects: a comparative study in India and the USA. Environ Manag 51:571–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-0008-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kopf RK, Finlayson CM, Humphries P, Sims NC, Hladyz S (2015) Anthropocene baselines: assessing change and managing biodiversity in human-dominated aquatic ecosystems. Bioscience 65:798–811. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv092

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koster WM, Amtstaetter F, Dawson DR, Reich P, Morrongiello JR (2016) Provision of environmental flows promotes spawning of a nationally threatened diadromous fish. Mar Freshw Res 68:159–166. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF15398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Quesne T, Kendy E, Weston D (2010) The implementation challenge: taking stock of government policies to protect and restore environmental flows. WWF Report. Surrey, United Kingdom, The Nature Conservancy and WWF

  • Manfredo MJ et al. (2017) Why social values cannot be changed for the sake of conservation. Conserv Biol 31:772–780. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12855

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClanahan TR, Abunge CA (2016) Perceptions of fishing access restrictions and the disparity of benefits among stakeholder communities and nations of south-eastern Africa. Fish Fish 17:417–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLoughlin CA, Thoms MC (2015) Integrative learning for practicing adaptive resource management. Ecol Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07303-200134

  • Metcalf EC, Mohr JJ, Yung L, Metcalf P, Craig D (2015) The role of trust in restoration success: public engagement and temporal and spatial scale in a complex social-ecological system. Restor Ecol 23:315–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mott Lacroix KE, Xiu BC, Megdal SB (2016) Building common ground for environmental flows using traditional techniques and novel engagement approaches. Environ Manag 57:912–928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-016-0656-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muro M, Jeffrey P (2012) Time to talk? How the structure of dialog processes shapes stakeholder learning in participatory water resources management. Ecol Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04476-170103

  • Olsson P, Folke C, Berkes F (2004) Adaptive comanagement for building resilience in social–ecological systems. Environ Manag 34:75–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0101-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Overton IC, Smith DM, Dalton J, Barchiesi S, Acreman MC, Stromberg JC, Kirby JM (2014) Implementing environmental flows in integrated water resources management and the ecosystem approach. Hydrol Sci J 59:860–877. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.897408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pahl-Wostl C et al. (2013) Environmental flows and water governance: managing sustainable water uses. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 5:341–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.06.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pahl-Wostl C, Craps M., Dewulf A, Mostert E, Tabara D, Taillieu T (2007) Social learning and water resources management. Ecol Soc 12:1–19

  • Poff NL, Matthews JH (2013) Environmental flows in the anthropocence: past progress and future prospects. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 5:667–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.11.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard SR, du Toit D, Biggs H (2011) River management under transformation: the emergence of strategic adaptive management of river systems in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 53:14. https://doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v53i2.1011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porzecanski I, Saunders LV, Brown MT (2012) Adaptive management fitness of watersheds. Ecol Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05061-170329

  • Richards DR, Warren PH, Maltby L, Moggridge HL (2017) Awareness of greater numbers of ecosystem services affects preferences for floodplain management. Ecosyst Serv 24:138–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.02.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richter B, Baumgartner J, Wigington R, Braun D (1997) How much water does a river need? Freshw Biol 37:231–249. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.00153.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richter BD, Warner AT, Meyer JL, Lutz K (2006) A collaborative and adaptive process for developing environmental flow recommendations. River Res Appl 22:297–318. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.892

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rist L, Campbell BM, Frost P (2013) Adaptive management: where are we now? Environ Conserv 40:5–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892912000240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roach KA (2013) Texas water wars: how politics and scientific uncertainty influence environmental flow decision-making in the Lone Star state. Biodivers Conserv 22:545–565. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0443-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson CJ, Bark RH, Garrick D, Pollino CA (2015) Sustaining local values through river basin governance: community-based initiatives in Australia’s Murray–Darling basin. J Environ Plan Manag 58:2212–2227. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.976699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers KH (2006) The real river management challenge: integrating scientists, stakeholders and service agencies. River Res Appl 22:269–280. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross A, Connell D (2016) The evolution and performance of river basin management in the Murray-Darling Basin. Ecol Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08664-210329

  • Roux DJ, Foxcroft LC (2011) The development and application of strategic adaptive management within South African National Parks. Koedoe 53:1–5

  • Scarlett L (2013) Collaborative adaptive management: challenges and opportunities. Ecol Soc. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05762-180326

  • Skinner D, Langford J (2013) Legislating for sustainable basin management: the story of Australia’s Water Act (2007). Water Policy 15:871–894. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanghellini PSL (2010) Stakeholder involvement in water management: the role of the stakeholder analysis within participatory processes. Water Policy 12:675–694. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steyaert P, Jiggins J (2007) Governance of complex environmental situations through social learning: a synthesis of SLIM’s lessons for research, policy and practice. Environ Sci Policy 10:575–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2007.01.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stirzaker RJ, Roux DJ, Biggs HC (2011) Learning to bridge the gap between adaptive management and organisational culture. Koedoe 53:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stringer LC, Dougill AJ, Fraser E, Hubacek K, Prell C, Reed MS (2006) Unpacking participation in the adaptive management of social-ecological systems: a critical review. Ecol Soc 11:1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland WJ, Pullin AS, Dolman PM, Knight TM (2017) The need for evidence-based conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 19:305–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk AIJM et al. (2013) The millennium drought in southeast Australia (2001–2009): natural and human causes and implications for water resources, ecosystems, economy, and society. Water Resour Res 49:1040–1057. https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vorosmarty CJ et al. (2010) Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. Nature 467:555–561. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09440

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watts R et al. (2012) Monitoring of ecosystem responses to the delivery of environmental water in the Edward-Wakool river system, 2011–2012. Report 1. Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University. Prepared for Commonwealth Environmental Water Office, Canberra, Australia

  • Watts R et al. (2014) Monitoring the ecosystem responses to Commonwealth environmental water delivered to the Edward-Wakool river system, 2013–2014. Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Final Report. Prepared for Commonwealth Environmental Water, Canberra, Australia

  • Watts RJ, Kopf RK, McCasker N, Howitt JA, Conallin J, Wooden I, Baumgartner L (2018) Adaptive management of environmental flows: using irrigation infrastructure to deliver environmental benefits during a large hypoxic blackwater event in the Southern Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. Environ Manag 61:469–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0941-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb JA, Watts RJ, Allan C, Conallin JC (2018) Adaptive management of environmental flows. Environ Manag 61:339–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0981-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wehr P (1979) Conflict regulation. Westview Press, Boulder, CO

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitworth KL, Kerr JL, Mosley LM, Conallin J, Hardwick L, Baldwin DS (2013) Options for managing hypoxic blackwater in river systems: case studies and framework. Environ Manag 52:837–850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0130-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams BK, Brown ED (2014) Adaptive management: from more talk to real action. Environ Manag 53:465–479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0205-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wurbs RA (2017) Incorporation of environmental flows in water allocation in Texas. Water Int 42:18–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2016.1249246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WWAP (2012) World Water Assessment Programme. United Nations World Water Development Report 4: Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk. UNESCO, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Yung L, Schwarze S, Carr W, Chapin FS, Marris E (2013) Engaging the public in novel ecosystems. In: Hobbs Richard J, Eric S. Higgs, Carol M. Hall (eds) Novel ecosystems. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, USA, pp 247–256

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zedler JB (2017) What’s new in adaptive management and restoration of coasts and estuaries? Estuaries Coasts 40:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-016-0162-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Murray Catchment Management Authority (now Local Land Services) through the Commonwealth funding source ‘Caring for our Country’. Several Commonwealth (primarily Murray-Darling Basin Authority, and Commonwealth Environmental Water Office), and state based government organizations (primarily NSW Department of Primary Industries, and office of Environment and Heritage) contributed to the generation of the data within this study. Community groups such as the Wakool Rivers Association and the Edward-Wakool Angling Association, individual landholders, and indigenous groups, were among the important stakeholders that gave input into this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO BOX 789, Albury, New South Wales, 2640, Australia

    John Conallin & Lee Baumgartner

  2. Department of Water, Science and Engineering, IHE Delft, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, Delft, 2601 DA, Netherlands

    John Conallin

  3. Murray Local Land Services, 315 Victoria Street, Deniliquin, NSW, 2710, Australia

    Josh Campbell

Authors
  1. John Conallin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Josh Campbell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lee Baumgartner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John Conallin.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Conallin, J., Campbell, J. & Baumgartner, L. Using Strategic Adaptive Management to Facilitate Implementation of Environmental Flow Programs in Complex Social-Ecological Systems. Environmental Management 62, 955–967 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1091-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1091-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation