Abstract
It is unclear whether the distributions of snakes have changed in association with climate change over the past years. We detected the distribution changes of snakes over the past 50 years and determined whether the changes could be attributed to recent climate change in China. Long-term records of the distribution of nine snake species in China, grey relationship analysis, fuzzy sets classification techniques, the consistency index, and attributed methods were used. Over the past 50 years, the distributions of snake species have changed in multiple directions, primarily shifting northwards, and most of the changes were related to the thermal index. Driven by climatic factors over the past 50 years, the distribution boundary and distribution centers of some species changed with the fluctuations. The observed and predicted changes in distribution were highly consistent for some snake species. The changes in the northern limits of distributions of nearly half of the species, as well as the southern and eastern limits, and the distribution centers of some snake species can be attributed to climate change.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Albouy C, Velez L, Coll M, Colloca F, Le Loc’h F, Mouillot D, Gravel D (2014) From projected species distribution to food-web structure under climate change. Glob Change Biol 20:730–741
Araújo M, Pearson RG (2005) Equilibrium of species distributions with climate. Ecography 28:693–695
Araújo MB, Thuiller W, Pearson RG (2006) Climate warming and the decline of amphibians and reptiles in Europe. J Biogeogr 33:1712–1728
Beever EA, Ray C, Wilkening JL, Brussard PF, Mote PW (2011) Contemporary climate change alters the pace and drivers of extinction. Global Change Biol 17:2054–2070
Bellard C, Bertelsmeier C, Leadley P, Thuiller W, Courchamp F (2012) Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity. Ecol Lett 15:365–377
Brown GP, Shine R, Madsen T (2002) Responses of three sympatric snake species to tropical seasonality in northern Australia. J Tropical Ecol 18:549–568
Buckley LB (2008) Linking traits to energetics and population dynamics to predict lizard ranges in changing environments. Amer Natur 171:E1–E19
Burgman MA, Fox JC (2003) Bias in species range estimates from minimum convex polygons: implications for conservation and options for improved planning. Anim Conserv 6:19–28
Chen JM, Tang XS, Huang S (2013) Sinomicrurus kelloggi:firstly found in Anhui Province, China. Chin J Zool 48:134–135
Deng JL (1987) Basic method of grey systems. Huangzhong Polytechnical Institute Press, Wuhan
Department of Biology, Jilin Normal University (1962) Common vertebrate in Jilin. Jilin People’s Publishing House, Changchun
Deutsch CA, Tewksbury JJ, Huey RB, Sheldon KS, Ghalambor CK, Haak DC, Martin PR (2008) Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:6668–6672
Gunderson AR, Leal M (2012) Geographic variation in vulnerability to climate warming in a tropical. Caribbean lizard. Funct Ecol 26:783–793
Hickling R, Roy DB, Hill JK, Fox R, Thomas CD (2006) The distributions of a wide range of taxonomic groups are expanding polewards. Global Change Biol 12:450–455
Holdridge LR (1967) Life zone ecology rev. ed. Tropical Science center, Jose
Hu BQ, Huang MH (1959) Zhejiang snakes. Science Press, Beijing
Hu SQ, Zhao EM (1987) China animal atlas. Amphibians and reptiles. Science Press, Beijing
Huey RB, Deutsch CA, Tewksbury JJ, Vitt LJ, Hertz PE, Álvarez Pérez HJ, Garland T (2009) Why tropical forest lizards are vulnerable to climate warming. Proc Royal Soc B 276:1939–1948
Janzen FJ (1994) Climate change and temperature dependent sex determination in reptiles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:7487–7490
Ji JL (1965) China’s viper. Shanghai Science and Technology Press, Shanghai
La Sorte FA, Jetz W (2012) Tracking of climatic niche boundaries under recent climate change. J Anim Ecol 81:914–925
Lenoir J, Svenning JC (2015) Climate-related range shifts-a global multidimensional synthesis and new research directions. Ecography 38:15–28
Luo J, Liu YM, Gao HY, Xu L, Luo Y (2012) A classification and distribution of herpetological checklest in chongqing. J Southwest Norm Univ 37:130–139
Maunsell SC, Kitching RL, Burwell CJ, Morris RJ (2015) Changes in host–parasitoid food web structure with elevation. J Anim Ecol 84:353–363
McCain CM (2010) Global analysis of reptile elevational diversity. Global Ecol Biogeogr 19:541–553
Moreno-Rueda G, Pleguezuelos JM, Alaminos E (2009) Climate warming and activity period extension in the Mediterranean snake Malpolon monspessulanus. Clim Change 92:235–242
Moreno-Rueda G, Pleguezuelos JM, Pizarro M, Montori A (2011) Northward shifts of the distributions of spanish reptiles in association with climate change. Conserv Biol 26:278–283
Ndez-Chaco NAF, Bertolero A, Amengual A, Tavecchia G, Homar V, Oro D (2011) Spatial heterogeneity in the effects of climate change on the population dynamics of a Mediterranean tortoise. Global Change Biol 17:3075–3088
Parmesan C (2006) Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 37:637–669
Parmesan C, Yohe G (2003) A globally coherent fingerprint of climate impacts across natural ecosystems. Nature 421:37–42
Parmesan C, Burrows MT, Duarte CM, Poloczanska ES, Richardson AJ, Schoeman DS, Singer MC (2013) Beyond climate change attribution in conservation and ecological research. Ecol Lett 16:58–71
Pen YT, Zhang FW (1962) Investigation of Jiangxi snakes. J Jiangxi Med Coll 1:1–9
Peng FT, Zhong CF, Zhang FW (1965) Investigation of Jiangxi snakes. J Jiangxi Med Coll 16:6–16
Penman TD, Pike DA, Webb JK, Shine R (2010) Predicting the impact of climate change on Australia’s most endangered snake, Hoplocephalus bungaroides. Divers Distrib 16:321–330
Pope CH (1927) Notes on reptiles from Fukien and other Chinese Provinces. American Museum of Natural History, New York
Reading CJ, Luiselli LM, Akani GC, Bonnet X, Amori G, Ballouard JM, Filippi E, Naulleau G, Pearson D, Rugiero L (2010) Are snake populations in widespread decline? Biol Lett 6:777–780
Robertson MP, Villet MH, Palmer AR (2004) A fuzzy classification technique for predicting species distributions: applications using invasive alien plants and indigenous insects. Divers Distrib 10:461–474
Rodríguez-Robles JA (2002) Feeding ecology of North American gopher snakes (Pituophis catenifer, Colubridae). Biolog J Lin S 77:165–183
Root TL, Price JT, Hall RK, Schneider SH, Rosenzweig C, Pounds JA (2003) Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature 421:57–60
Row JR, Blouin-Demers G (2006) Thermal quality influences effectiveness of thermal regulation, habitat use, and behaviour in milk snakes. Oecologia 148:1–11
Royle JA, Chandler RB, Yackulic C, Nichols JD (2012) Likelihood analysis of species occurrence probability from presence-only data for modelling species distribution. Methods Ecol Evol 3:545–554
Sichuan Institute of Biology (1974) List of amphibians and reptiles in China and the geographic distribution. The data of amphibians and reptiles. Sichuan Science and Technology, amphibians and reptiles research monograph 2: 1–40
Sun XY, Lei J, Ding L (2013) Sibynophis Chinensis: firstly found in Hebei, China. Chin J Zool 48:139–140
The Editorial Board of China Snakes and Snakebite prevention (1974) China snakes and snakebite prevention. Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Shanghai
The Institute of Biology Research in Sichuan Province (1977) The reference reptiles in China. Science Press, Beijing
The Research Institute of Toponomy, Chinese State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (1997) An index to the atlas of the People’s Republic of china. Chinese map publishing house, Beijing
Thomas CD, Lennon JJ (1999) Birds extend their ranges northwards. Nature 399:213
Tingley MW, Beissinger SR (2009) Detecting range shifts from historical species occurrences:new perspectives on old data. Trend Ecol Evol 24:625–633
Whitfield SM, Bell KE, Philippi T, Sasa M, Bolaños F, Chaves G, Savage JM, Donnelly MA (2007) Amphibian and reptile declines over 35 years at La Selva, Costa Rica. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:8352–8356
Zaniewski AE, Lehmann A, Overton JM (2002) Predicting species spatial distributions using presence—only data: a case study of native new Zealand ferns. Ecol Model 157:261–280
Zhang MW (1961) Reptilia fauna in Heilongjiang Province. Heilongjiang University, Harbin
Zhang XS (1993) A vegetation-climate classification system for global change studies in China. Quarter Sci 2:157–169
Zhang RZ (1999) China animal geography. Science Press, Beijing
Zhao EM (1998) China red data book of endangered animals—amphibians and reptiles. Science Press, Beijing
Zhao EM (2006) Snakes in China. Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House, Hefei
Zhao EM, Huang MH, Zong Y (1998) Fauna sinica reptilia vol. 3 squamata serpentes. Sciences Press, Beijing
Acknowledgments
The work described in this paper was substantially supported by a project of the National Science and Technology Support Program of China—“The Risk and Impacted of Climate Change on Biodiversity in China (2012BAC19B06).” We would like to thank those who provided a helpful discussion of the ideas presented in this paper. Instructive comments from two anonymous reviewers greatly improved this manuscript. Many thanks are given to Pr. Shaohong Wu, Dr Tao Pan, and Dr Jie Pan for providing climate dates and to Dr. Qiaofu Zhou for ArcGIS mapping.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, J. Detecting and Attributing the Effects of Climate Change on the Distributions of Snake Species Over the Past 50 Years. Environmental Management 57, 207–219 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0600-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0600-3