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Imaging with ultrasound contrast agents: current status and future

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Abstract

Microbubble ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) were recently approved by the Food and Drug administration for non-cardiac imaging. The physical principles of UCAs, methods of administration, dosage, adverse effects, and imaging techniques both current and future are described. UCAs consist of microbubbles in suspension which strongly interact with the ultrasound beam and are readily detectable by ultrasound imaging systems. They are confined to the blood pool when administered intravenously, unlike iodinated and gadolinium contrast agents. UCAs have a proven safety record based on over two decades of use, during which they have been used in echocardiography in the U.S. and for non-cardiac imaging in the rest of the world. Adverse effects are less common with UCAs than CT/MR contrast agents. Compared to CT and MR, contrast-enhanced ultrasound has the advantages of real-time imaging, portability, and reduced susceptibility to metal and motion artifact. UCAs are not nephrotoxic and can be used in renal failure. High acoustic amplitudes can cause microbubbles to fragment in a manner that can result in short-term increases in capillary permeability or capillary rupture. These bioeffects can be beneficial and have been used to enhance drug delivery under appropriate conditions. Imaging with a mechanical index of < 0.4 preserves the microbubbles and is not typically associated with substantial bioeffects. Molecularly targeted ultrasound contrast agents are created by conjugating the microbubble shell with a peptide, antibody, or other ligand designed to target an endothelial biomarker associated with tumor angiogenesis or inflammation. These microbubbles then accumulate in the microvasculature at target sites where they can be imaged. Ultrasound contrast agents are a valuable addition to the diagnostic imaging toolkit. They will facilitate cross-sectional abdominal imaging in situations where contrast-enhanced CT and MR are contraindicated or impractical.

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Fig. 1

Reproduced with permission from C Greis, Ultrasound contrast agents as markers of vascularity and microcirculation. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation 43 (2009) 1–9 with permission from IOS Press

Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Reproduced/adapted with permission from Nirupama Deshpande; Amelie M. Lutz; Ying Ren; Kira Foygel; Lu Tian; Michel Schneider; Reetesh Pai; Pankaj J. Pasricha; Jürgen K. Willmann; Radiology 2012; 262, 172–180

Fig. 5

Reproduced/adapted with permission from: Sarah E. Shelton, Yueh Z. Lee, Mike Lee, Emmanuel Cherin, F. Stuart Foster, Stephen R. Aylward, Paul A. Dayton, Quantification of Microvascular Tortuosity during Tumor Evolution Using Acoustic Angiography, In Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology, 41(7); 2015, pp 1896–1904, ISSN 0301-5629, with permission from Elsevier

Fig. 6

Reproduced by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, from C Errico et al. Nature 527, 499–502 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16066

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Correspondence to Wui K. Chong.

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Paul A. Dayton is an inventor on several patents involving microbubble technology and acoustic angiography, and is a co-founder of SonoVol, Inc. and Triangle Biotechnology, Inc, which have licensed some of these patents. Wui K Chong is on the Lumason advisory board of Bracco Diagnostics.

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Chong, W.K., Papadopoulou, V. & Dayton, P.A. Imaging with ultrasound contrast agents: current status and future. Abdom Radiol 43, 762–772 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-018-1516-1

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