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Early Life Stages of a Common Broadcast Spawning Coral Associate with Specific Bacterial Communities Despite Lack of Internalized Bacteria

  • Invertebrate Microbiology
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Abstract

Coral-associated bacteria are critical for the well-being of their host and may play essential roles during ontogeny, as suggested by the vertical transmission of some bacteria in brooding corals. Bacterial acquisition patterns in broadcast spawners remain uncertain, as 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding of coral early life stages suggests the presence of bacterial communities, which have not been detected by microscopic examinations. Here, we combined 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) microscopy to analyze bacterial assemblages in Acropora tenuis egg–sperm bundles, embryos, and larvae following a spawning event. Metabarcoding results indicated that A. tenuis offspring ≤ 4-day-old were associated with diverse and dynamic bacterial microbiomes, dominated by Rhodobacteraceae, Alteromonadaceae, and Oceanospirillaceae. While FISH analyses confirmed the lack of internalized bacteria in A. tenuis offspring, metabarcoding showed that even the earliest life stages examined (egg–sperm bundles and two-cell stages) were associated with a diverse bacterial community, suggesting the bacteria were confined to the mucus layer. These results can be explained by vertical transmission of certain taxa (mainly Endozoicomonas) in the mucus surrounding the gametes within bundles, or by horizontal bacterial transmission through the release of bacteria by spawning adults into the water column.

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Availability of Data and Material

The sequence data generated and analyzed in this study are available at NCBI under http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/517286, BioProject accession PRJNA517286.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the team of the National Sea Simulator at AIMS for technical support in conducting the experiment. KD is very grateful to Dr. Naohisa Wada and Dr. Nicole Webster for extensive discussions and insights about FISH on coral samples, and also thanks Dr. David Bourne, Dr. Koty Sharp, and Dr. Kim Lema for their advice on the topic. We are grateful to Dr. Gabriela Segal for her instructions regarding the use of the confocal microscope and Zeiss software. Many thanks to Dr. Andrew Negri, Leela Chakravarti, and Lesa Peplow for their assistance during spawning, to Ashley Dungan for logistical help, and to Marie Roman for the images of adult coral and egg–sperm bundles used in Fig. 5.

Funding

This work was funded by an Australian Research Council grant (DP160101468) to van Oppen and Blackall, the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) and a Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment (Equity Trustees Charitable Foundation & the Ecological Society of Australia). KD is the recipient of an International Postgraduate Research Scholarship and Australian Post-graduate Award (University of Melbourne). MvO acknowledges Australian Research Council Laureate Fellowship FL180100036.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia

    Katarina Damjanovic, Linda L. Blackall & Madeleine J. H. van Oppen

  2. Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No 3, Townsville MC, QLD, 4810, Australia

    Katarina Damjanovic, Patricia Menéndez & Madeleine J. H. van Oppen

  3. Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia

    Patricia Menéndez

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  1. Katarina Damjanovic
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Correspondence to Katarina Damjanovic.

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Damjanovic, K., Menéndez, P., Blackall, L.L. et al. Early Life Stages of a Common Broadcast Spawning Coral Associate with Specific Bacterial Communities Despite Lack of Internalized Bacteria. Microb Ecol 79, 706–719 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-019-01428-1

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