Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Assessing the Toxicity of Chemical Compounds Associated With Land-Based Marine Fish Farms: The Sea Urchin Embryo Bioassay With Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula

  • Published:
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In aquaculture, disinfection of facilities, prevention of fish diseases, and stimulation of fish growth are priority goals and the most important sources of toxic substances to the environment, together with excretory products from fish. In the present study, embryos of two species of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula) were exposed to serial dilutions of six antibiotics (amoxicillin (AMOX), ampicillin, flumequine (FLU), oxytetracycline (OTC), streptomycin (ST), and sulfadiazine [SFD]) and two disinfectants (sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and formaldehyde [CH2O]). Alterations in larval development were studied, and the effective concentrations (ECs) were calculated to evaluate the toxicity of the substances. Both species showed similar sensitivities to all substances tested. Disinfectants (EC50 = 1.78 and 1.79 mg/l for CH2O; EC50 = 10.15 and 11.1 mg/l for NaClO) were found to be more toxic than antibiotics. AMOX, OTC, and ST caused <20 % of alterations, even at the highest concentrations tested. FLU was the most toxic to P. lividus (EC50 = 31.0 mg/l) and SFD to A. lixula (EC50 = 12.7 mg/l). The sea urchin bioassay should be considered within toxicity assessment–monitoring plans because of the sensitivity of larvae to disinfectants.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Altinok I, Grizzle JM (2004) Excretion of ammonia and urea by phylogenetically diverse fish species in low salinities. Aquaculture 238(1–4):499–507

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andreozzi R, Canterino M, Giudice RL, Marotta R, Pinto G, Pollio A (2006) Lincomycin solar photodegradation, algal toxicity and removal from wastewaters by means of ozonation. Water Res 40(3):630–638

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arizzi Novelli A, Picone M, Losso C, Volpi Ghirardini AM (2003) Ammonia as confounding factor in toxicity tests with the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lmk). Toxicol Environ Chem 85(4):183–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Backhaus T, Grimme LH (1999) The toxicity of antibiotic agents to the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Chemosphere 38(14):3291–3301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Backhaus T, Scholze M, Grimme LH (2000) The single substance and mixture toxicity of quinolones to the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri. Aquat Toxicol 49(1–2):49–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beausse J (2004) Selected drugs in solid matrices: a review of environmental determination, occurrence and properties of principal substances. Trends Analyt Chem 23(10):753–761

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell TG, Johnson MT, Jickells TD, Liss PS (2007) Ammonia/ammonium dissociation coefficient in seawater: a significant numerical correction. Environ Chem 4(3):183–186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellas J, Beiras R, Mariño-Balsa J, Fernández N (2005) Toxicity of organic compounds to marine invertebrate embryos and larvae: a comparison between the sea urchin embryogenesis bioassay and alternative test species. Ecotoxicology 14(3):337–353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonaventura R, Poma V, Costa C, Matranga V (2005) UVB radiation prevents skeleton growth and stimulates the expression of stress markers in sea urchin embryos. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 328(1):150–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borowitzka MA (1972) Intertidal algal species diversity and the effect of pollution. Aust J Mar Fresh Res 23(2):73–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boxall ABA, Fogg LA, Blackwell PA, Blackwell P, Kay P, Pemberton EJ et al (2004) Veterinary medicines in the environment. In: Albert LA, Gerba CP, Giesy J et al (eds) Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, vol 180. Springer, New York, p 91

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Burridge L, Weis JS, Cabello F, Pizarro J, Bostick K (2010) Chemical use in salmon aquaculture: a review of current practices and possible environmental effects. Aquaculture 306(1–4):7–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne M, Oakes D, Pollak J, Laginestra E (2008) Toxicity of landfill leachate to sea urchin development with a focus on ammonia. Cell Biol Toxicol 24(6):503–512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne M, Soars N, Selvakumaraswamy P, Dworjanyn SA, Davis AR (2010) Sea urchin fertilization in a warm, acidified and high pCO2 ocean across a range of sperm densities. Mar Environ Res 69(4):234–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell DA, Pantazis P, Kelly MS (2001) Impact and residence time of oxytetracycline in the sea urchin, Psammechinus miliaris, a potential aquaculture species. Aquaculture 202(1–2):73–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caplat C, Oral R, Mahaut ML, Mao A, Barillier D, Guida M et al (2010) Comparative toxicities of aluminum and zinc from sacrificial anodes or from sulfate salt in sea urchin embryos and sperm. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73:1138–1143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carballeira C, De Orte MR, VianaI IG, Carballeira A (2011a) Implementation of a minimal biological test set for assessment of ecotoxic effect of effluents from land-based fish farms. Ecotox Environ Saf 78:148–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carballeira C, Espinosa J, Carballeira A (2011b) Linking N15 and histopathological effects in molluscs exposed in situ to effluents from land-based marine fish farms. Mar Poll Bull 62(12):2633–2641

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carballeira C, Martín-Díaz ML, DelValls TA (2011c) Optimization of fertilization and larval development toxicity tests using two marine sea urchin species. Study of salinity influence. Mar Environ Res 72(4):196–203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carballeira C, Martín-Díaz L, DelValls TA (2012a) Identification of specific malformations of sea urchin larvae for toxicity assessment: Application to marine pisciculture effluents. Mar Environ Res. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.01.001

    Google Scholar 

  • Carballeira C, Martín-Díaz ML, DelValls TA, Carballeira A (2012b) Designing an integrated environmental monitoring plan for land-based marine fish farms located at exposed and hard bottom coastal areas. J Environ Monit. doi:10.1039/c2em10839a

    Google Scholar 

  • Carr R, Biedenbach J, Nipper M (2006) Influence of potentially confounding factors on sea urchin porewater toxicity tests. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 51(4):573–579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cesar A, Marín-Guirao L, Vita R, Marín A (2002) Sensitivity of mediterranean amphipods and sea urchins to reference toxicants. Cienc Mar 28(4):407–417

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cesar A, Marín A, Marín-Guirao L, Vita I (2004) Amphipod and sea urchin tests to assess the toxicity of mediterranean sediments: the case of Portmán Bay. Sci Mar 68(1):205–213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chee-Sanford JC, Mackie RI, Koike S, Krapac IG, Lin YF, Yannarell AC et al (2009) Fate and transport of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes following land application of manure waste. J Environ Qual 38(3):1086–1108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Centro Tecnológico de Saneamento Básico (1999) Metodo de ensaio: Agua do mar—Teste de toxicidade cronica de curta duracao com Lytechinus variegatus, Lamark,1816 (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). CETESB do Estado de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

  • Constable M, Charlton M, Jensen F, McDonald K, Craig G, Taylor KW (2003) An ecological risk assessment of ammonia in the aquatic environment. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 9(2):527–548

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corporation Black and Veatch (2010) White’s handbook of chlorination and alternative disinfectants, 5th edn. Wiley, New Jersey, p 1062

    Google Scholar 

  • Costello MJ, Grant A, Davies IM, Cecchini S, Papoutsoglou S, Quigley D et al (2001) The control of chemicals used in aquaculture in Europe. J Appl Ichthyol 17(4):173–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crane M, Burton GA, Culp JM, Greenberg MS, Munkittrick KR, Ribeiro R et al (2007) Review of aquatic in situ approaches for stressor and effect diagnosis. Integr Environ Assess Manage 3(2):234–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Douet DG, Le Bris H, Giraud E (2009) Environmental aspects of drug and chemical use in aquaculture: an overview. Options Méditerranéennes 86:105–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Eguchi K, Nagase H, Ozawa M, Endoh YS, Goto K, Hirata K et al (2004) Evaluation of antimicrobial agents for veterinary use in the ecotoxicity test using microalgae. Chemosphere 57(11):1733–1738

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Environment Canada (1997) Biological test method: fertilization assay using echinoids (sea urchins and sand dollars). Method development and applications. Environmental Technology Center, Ottawa

    Google Scholar 

  • Eternal Technology Corporation (2004) Material safety data sheet of formaldehyde. Eternal Technology Corporation, Virginia, p 7

    Google Scholar 

  • Eternal Technology Corporation (2011) Material safety data sheet of formaldehyde. Eternal Technology Corporation, Virginia

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes TF, Eleftheriou A, Ackefors H, Eleftheriou M, Ervik A, Sanchez M et al (2001) The scientific principles underlying the monitoring of the environmental impacts of aquaculture. J Appl Ichthyol 17(4):181–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández N (2002) Evaluación biológica de la contaminación marina costera mediante bioensayos con embriones del erizo de mar Paracentrotus lividus. Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain

  • Flaherty M, Szuster B, Miller P (2000) Low salinity inland shrimp farming in Thailand. Ambio 29(3):174–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Gräslund S, Bengtsson BE (2001) Chemicals and biological products used in south-east Asian shrimp farming, and their potential impact on the environment—a review. Sci Total Environ 280(1–3):93–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall LW, Anderson RD (1995) The influence of salinity on the toxicity of various classes of chemicals to aquatic biota. Crit Rev Toxicol 25(4):281–346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halling-Sørensen B (2001) Inhibition of aerobic growth and nitrification of bacteria in sewage sludge by antibacterial agents. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 40(4):451–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halling-Sørensen B, Sengeløv G, Ingerslev F, Jensen LB (2003) Reduced antimicrobial potencies of oxytetracycline, tylosin, sulfadiazin, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and olaquindox due to environmental processes. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 44(1):7–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernando MD, De Vettori S, Martínez Bueno MJ, Fernández-Alba AR (2007) Toxicity evaluation with Vibrio fischeri test of organic chemicals used in aquaculture. Chemosphere 68(4):724–730

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heuer OE, Kruse H, Grave K, Collignon P, Karunasagar I, Angulo FJ (2009) Human health consequences of use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture. Clin Infect Dis 49(8):1248–1253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holten-Lützhøft CH, Halling-Sørensen B, Jørgensen SE (1999) Algal toxicity of antibacterial agents applied in Danish fish farming. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 36(1):1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huntington TC, Roberts H, Cousins N, Pitta V, Marchesi N, Sanmamed A et al (2006) Some aspects of the environmental impact of aquaculture in sensitive areas. Report to the DG fish and maritime affairs of the European Commission. Poseidon Aquatic Resource Management, Hampshire, p 305

    Google Scholar 

  • Isidori M, Lavorgna M, Nardelli A, Pascarella L, Parrella A (2005) Toxic and genotoxic evaluation of six antibiotics on non-target organisms. Sci Total Environ 346(1–3):87–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) (1997) Towards safe and effective use of chemicals in coastal aquaculture. Reports and studies, vol 65. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, p 126

    Google Scholar 

  • King CK, Riddle MJ (2001) Effects of metal contaminants on the development of the common Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri and comparisons of sensitivity with tropical and temperate echinoids. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 215:143–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi N (1977) Preliminary experiments with sea urchin pluteus and metamorphosis in marine pollution bioassay. Publ Seto Mar Biol Lab 24(1):9–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi N, Okamura H (2004) Effects of heavy metals on sea urchin embryo development. 1. Tracing the cause by the effects. Chemosphere 55(10):1403–1412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi N, Tamato S, Harino H, Kitano M (2008) A bioassay using sea urchin egg development to identify organotin pollution in sea water. Coast Mar Sci 32(1):77–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Körner S, Das SK, Veenstra S, Vermaat JE (2001) The effect of pH variation at the ammonium/ammonia equilibrium in wastewater and its toxicity to Lemna gibba. Aquat Bot 71(1):71–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kungolos A, Emmanouil C, Tsiridis V, Tsiropoulos N (2009) Evaluation of toxic and interactive toxic effects of three agrochemicals and copper using a battery of microbiotests. Sci Total Environ 407(16):4610–4615

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kyerematen GA, Ogunlana EO (1987) An integrated approach to the pharmacological evaluation of traditional materia medica. J Ethnopharmacol 20(3):191–207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lalumera GM, Calamari D, Galli P, Castiglioni S, Crosa G, Fanelli R (2004) Preliminary investigation on the environmental occurrence and effects of antibiotics used in aquaculture in Italy. Chemosphere 54(5):661–668

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lera S, Pellegrini D (2006) Evaluation of the fertilization capability of Paracentrotus Lividus sea urchin storaged gametes by the exposure to different aqueous matrices. Environ Monit Assess 119(1):1–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lera S, Macchia S, Pellegrini D (2006) Standardizing the methodology of sperm cell test with Paracentrotus Lividus. Environ Monit Assess 122(1):101–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Littler MM, Murray SN (1975) Impact of sewage on the distribution, abundance and community structure of rocky intertidal macro-organisms. Mar Biol 30:277–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzo JI, Nieto O, Beiras R (2002) Effect of humic acids on speciation and toxicity of copper to Paracentrotus lividus larvae in seawater. Aquat Toxicol 58(1–2):27–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Losso C, Novelli AA, Picone M, Marchetto D, Pantani C, Ghetti PF et al (2007) Potential role of sulfide and ammonia as confounding factors in elutriate toxicity bioassays with early life stages of sea urchins and bivalves. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 66(2):252–257

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mankiewicz-Boczek J, Nalecz-Jawecki G, Drobniewska A, Kaza M, Sumorok B, Izydorczyk K et al (2008) Application of a microbiotests battery for complete toxicity assessment of rivers. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 71(3):830–836

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marín-Guirao L, Atucha AM, Barba JL, López EM, Fernández AJG (2005) Effects of mining wastes on a seagrass ecosystem: metal accumulation and bioavailability, seagrass dynamics and associated community structure. Mar Environ Res 60(3):317–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matranga V, Zito F, Costa C, Bonaventura R, Giarrusso S, Celi F (2010) Embryonic development and skeletogenic gene expression affected by X-rays in the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Ecotoxicology 19(3):530–537

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moulin L, Catarino AI, Claessens T (1816) Dubois P (2011) Effects of seawater acidification on early development of the intertidal sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck 1816). Mar Pollut Bull 62(1):48–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muchmore D, Epel D (1973) The effects of chlorination of wastewater on fertilization in some marine invertebrates. Mar Biol 19(2):93–95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muñoz I, Martínez Bueno MJ, Agüera A, Fernández-Alba AR (2010) Environmental and human health risk assessment of organic micro-pollutants occurring in a Spanish marine fish farm. Environ Pollut 158(5):1809–1816

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council (1993) Nutrient requirements of fish. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. National Academy Press, Washington DC, p 114

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikaido H (2009) Multidrug resistance in bacteria. Annu Rev Biochem 78:46–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park S, Choi K (2008) Hazard assessment of commonly used agricultural antibiotics on aquatic ecosystems. Ecotoxicology 17(6):526–538

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pouliquen H, Delépée R, Larhantec-Verdier M, Morvan M-L, Le Bris H (2007) Comparative hydrolysis and photolysis of four antibacterial agents (oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid, flumequine and florfenicol) in deionised water, freshwater and seawater under abiotic conditions. Aquaculture 262(1):23–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rey-Asensio A, Carballeira C, Viana IG, Carballeira A (2010) Biomonitorización de los efluentes de piscifactorías marinas instaladas en tierra: Bioacumulación de microcontaminantes. In: Rey-Méndez M. LC, Fernández Casal J, Guerra A (eds) Foro dos Recursos mariños e da Acuicultura das Rías galegas XIII. USC, O Grove, pp 201–218

  • Ricco G, Tomei MC, Ramadori R, Laera G (2004) Toxicity assessment of common xenobiotic compounds on municipal activated sludge: comparison between respirometry and Microtox®. Water Res 38(8):2103–2110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ritz C, Streibig JC (2005) Bioassay analysis using R. J Stat Softw 12(5):1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritz C, Streibig JC (2012) Analysis of dose-response curves. Drc package, p 140. Available at: http://www.bioassay.dk/. Accessed 21 Feb 2012

  • Saco-Álvarez L, Durán I, Ignacio Lorenzo J, Beiras R (2010) Methodological basis for the optimization of a marine sea-urchin embryo test (SET) for the ecological assessment of coastal water quality. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 73(4):491–499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sano LL, Mapili MA, Krueger A, Garcia E, Gossiaux D, Phillips K et al (2004) Comparative efficacy of potential chemical disinfectants for treating unballasted vessels. J Great Lakes Res 30(1):201–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sapkota A, Sapkota AR, Kucharski M, Burke J, McKenzie S, Walker P et al (2008) Aquaculture practices and potential human health risks: current knowledge and future priorities. Environ Int 34(8):1215–1226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R Development Core Team (2008) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna Austria R Foundation for Statistical Computing (1), p 7

  • Thomulka KW, McGee DJ, Lange JH (1993) Use of the bioluminescent bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum to detect potentially biohazardous materials in water. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 51(4):538–544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tolls J (2001) Sorption of veterinary pharmaceuticals in soils: a review. Environ Sci Technol 35(17):3397–3406

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (1994a) Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving water to west coast marine and estuarine organisms, 3rd edn. USEPA, Cincinnati, p 370

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (1994b) ERL-Duluth’s aquatic ecotoxicology data systems. http://www.epa.gov/eerd/westmethman.htm. Accessed 14 Aug 2011

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (1995) Short-term methods for estimating the chronic toxicity of effluents and receiving waters to west coast marine and estuarine organisms, 1st edn. Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, p 673

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Grinten E, Pikkemaat MG, Van den Brandhof E-J, Stroomberg GJ, Kraak MHS (2010) Comparing the sensitivity of algal, cyanobacterial and bacterial bioassays to different groups of antibiotics. Chemosphere 80(1):1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Wijk DJ, Kroon SGM, Garttener-Arends ICM (1998) Toxicity of chlorate and chlorite to selected species of algae, bacteria, and fungi. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 40(3):206–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verschuere L, Rombaut G, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W (2000) Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64(4):655–671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wollenberger L, Halling-Sørensen B, Kusk KO (2000) Acute and chronic toxicity of veterinary antibiotics to Daphnia magna. Chemosphere 40(7):723–730

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1993) Biomarkers and risk assessment: concepts and principles. Environmental health criteria, vol 155. WHO, Geneva, p 82

    Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Li Y, Wang Y, Wang Y (2011) Assessment of toxic interactions of heavy metals in multi-component mixtures using sea urchin embryo-larval bioassay. Toxicol In Vitro 25(1):294–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan F, Hu C, Hu X, Wei D, Chen Y, Qu J (2011) Photodegradation and toxicity changes of antibiotics in UV and UV/H2O2 process. J Hazard Mater 185(2–3):1256–1263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was partly funded by the National Marine Aquaculture Plan. JACUMAR Project (2008): “Selection of indicators, determination of reference values, design of programs, protocols and measures for environmental studies in aquaculture (INDAQUA).” C. Carballeira is grateful for financial support from the University of Cadiz Predoctoral Fellowship Programme (Spain).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Cátedra UNESCO/UNITWIN/WICOP, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain

    C. Carballeira, M. R. De Orte & T. A. DelValls

  2. Centro Costero de A Coruña, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 15080, A Coruña, Spain

    I. G. Viana

  3. Departamento de Ecología, Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain

    A. Carballeira

Authors
  1. C. Carballeira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. R. De Orte
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. I. G. Viana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. T. A. DelValls
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. Carballeira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. Carballeira.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (XLS 15 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Carballeira, C., De Orte, M.R., Viana, I.G. et al. Assessing the Toxicity of Chemical Compounds Associated With Land-Based Marine Fish Farms: The Sea Urchin Embryo Bioassay With Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 63, 249–261 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-012-9769-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-012-9769-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation