Zero-divisor graphs for semigroups of order 7 RESEARCH ARTICLE First Online: 20 May 2014
Received: 08 June 2011
Accepted: 23 April 2014
Abstract In this paper, we extend the results of DeMeyer and DeMeyer (J Algebra 283:190–198, 2005 ) that determine a set of sufficient conditions for a given graph to be the zero-divisor graph of a commutative semigroup, and use these to construct a larger set of graphs of this type. We then use these results to classify the connected graphs on six vertices, determining whether or not each is the zero-divisor graph of a commutative semigroup of order seven. To accomplish this, we give specific examples of graphs that can be easily classified using the extensions. For those graphs to which neither the original results nor the extensions apply, we provide a method by which we can classify them.
Keywords Commutative semigroups Zero-divisors Graphs on six vertices Communicated by Jean-Eric Pin.
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Appendix The following are the Cayley tables corresponding to the graphs listed in Table
1 . Beginning with the vertex in the lower left corner of each graph and proceeding counter-clockwise, the vertices are labeled
\(a-b-c-z-y-x\) .
Table 1 24 Graphs of commutative semigroups
$$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{ccc} \begin{array}{l|llllll} (1,1)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} a \\ b&{} a&{} b&{} b&{} 0&{} 0&{} a \\ c&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} 0&{} a \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} 0&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} y&{} y \\ z&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} y&{} z \end{array}&{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (1,2)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} 0&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} b&{} b&{} 0&{} 0&{} a \\ c&{} a&{} b&{} b&{} 0&{} x&{} a \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} y&{} x \\ z&{} 0&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} x&{} 0 \\ \end{array} &{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (1,3)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} b&{} b&{} 0&{} z&{} z \\ c&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} 0&{} z&{} z \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} z&{} z&{} x&{} x&{} 0 \\ z&{} 0&{} z&{} z&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ \end{array}\\ \begin{array}{l|llllll} (1,4)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} 0&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} b&{} b&{} 0&{} 0&{} a \\ c&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} 0&{} 0&{} a \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} y&{} x \\ z&{} 0&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} x&{} 0 \end{array}&{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (1,5)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} x \\ c&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} x \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x \\ z&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} x&{} x&{} z \end{array}&{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (1,6)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} 0&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} b&{} b&{} 0&{} 0&{} a \\ c&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} 0&{} a \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} 0&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} y&{} y \\ z&{} 0&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} y&{} y \end{array} \\ \begin{array}{l|llllll} (2,1)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} 0&{} z&{} z&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} z&{} b&{} b&{} 0&{} 0&{}z \\ c&{} z&{} b&{} b&{} 0&{} x&{} z \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} y&{}0 \\ z&{} 0&{} z&{} z&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \end{array}&{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (2,2)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} 0&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} b&{} b&{} 0&{} 0&{} z \\ c&{} a&{} b&{} b&{} 0&{} 0&{} z \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} 0 \\ z&{} 0&{} z&{} z&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ \end{array}&{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (2,3)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} a&{} a \\ b&{} 0&{} b&{} b&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ c&{} 0&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} x&{} 0 \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} x&{} 0 \\ y&{} a&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} y&{} a \\ z&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} a&{} a \end{array}\\ \begin{array}{l|llllll} (2,4)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ c&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} x \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x \\ z&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} x&{} z \end{array}&{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (2,5)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} b&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ c&{} a&{} a&{} c&{} 0&{} z&{} z \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} z&{} x&{} x&{} 0 \\ z&{} 0&{} 0&{} z&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ \end{array}&{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (2,6)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} b&{} a&{} x&{} 0&{} 0 \\ c&{} a&{} a&{} c&{} 0&{} y&{} z \\ x&{} 0&{} x&{} 0&{} x&{} 0&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} y&{} 0&{} y&{} 0 \\ z&{} 0&{} 0&{} z&{} 0&{} 0&{} z \end{array} \end{array} \end{aligned}$$
$$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{lll} \begin{array}{l|llllll} (3,1)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} x&{} 0 \\ c&{} a&{} a&{} c&{} 0&{} 0&{} z \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} x&{} 0&{} x&{} y&{} 0 \\ z&{} 0&{} 0&{} z&{} 0&{} 0&{} z \end{array}&{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (3,2)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ c&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ z&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} z&{} z \\ \end{array}&{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (3,3)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ c&{} a&{} a&{} c&{} x&{} 0&{} 0 \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} 0&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} y&{} y \\ z&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} y&{} y \end{array}\\ \begin{array}{l|llllll} (3,4)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} 0&{} x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} y \\ b&{} x&{} b&{} x&{} x&{} 0&{} 0 \\ c&{} 0&{} x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} y \\ x&{} 0&{} x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} y \\ z&{} y&{} 0&{} y&{} 0&{} y&{} z \end{array}&{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (3,5)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} a&{} x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ c&{} 0&{} x&{} c&{} x&{} 0&{} x \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} y&{} y \\ z&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} 0&{} y&{} y \end{array}&{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (3,6)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} 0&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} b&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} a \\ c&{} 0&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} y&{} x \\ z&{} 0&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} 0 \end{array}\\ \begin{array}{l|llllll} (4,1)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} 0&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} b&{} a&{} 0&{} a&{} a \\ c&{} 0&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} a&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} 0 \\ z&{} 0&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} z \end{array}&{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (4,2)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} 0&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{}0 \\ b&{} a&{} b&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ c&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} c \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} x&{} c \\ z&{} 0&{} 0&{} c&{} 0&{} c&{} z \end{array}&{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (4,3)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} 0&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{}0 \\ b&{} a&{} b&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ c&{} 0&{} 0&{} c&{} 0&{} 0&{} c \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} 0&{} x \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} y&{} y \\ z&{} 0&{} 0&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \end{array}\\ \begin{array}{l|llllll} (4,4)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} b&{} 0&{} x&{} 0&{} 0 \\ c&{} 0&{} 0&{} c&{} 0&{} 0&{} c \\ x&{} 0&{} x&{} 0&{} x&{} 0&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} y&{} y \\ z&{} 0&{} 0&{} c&{} 0&{} y&{} z \end{array}&{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (4,5)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} 0&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} b&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ c&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} c \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} 0 \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} y&{} 0 \\ z&{} 0&{} 0&{} c&{} 0&{} 0&{} z \end{array}&{}\quad \begin{array}{l|llllll} (4,6)&{} a&{} b&{} c&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \hline a&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0 \\ b&{} a&{} a&{} a&{} 0&{} 0&{} x \\ c&{} a&{} a&{} b&{} 0&{} x&{} y \\ x&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} 0&{} x \\ y&{} 0&{} 0&{} x&{} 0&{} x&{} y \\ z&{} 0&{} x&{} y&{} x&{} y&{} z \\ \end{array} \end{array} \end{aligned}$$
Table 2 Two graphs that are not the graph of a commutative semigroup
Finally, neither of the graphs in Table
2 is the graph of a commutative semigroup:
For graph N1, using the same labeling mentioned at the beginning of the appendix, \(b^{2}=b, z^{2}=z, ab\in \{a,~c\}\) , and \(bc\in \{a,c\}\) , but then bz does not have a value.
A complete treatment of graph N2 was given above.
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© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Authors and Affiliations 1. Mathematics Department Chair William Mason High School Mason USA 2. Department of Mathematics The University of Cincinnati Cincinnati USA