Marine Biology

, Volume 161, Issue 12, pp 2819–2829 | Cite as

Escape performance of temperate king scallop, Pecten maximus under ocean warming and acidification

  • Burgel Schalkhausser
  • Christian Bock
  • Hans-O. Pörtner
  • Gisela Lannig
Original Paper
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Among bivalves, scallops are exceptional due to their capacity to escape from predators by swimming which is provided by rapid and strong claps that are produced by the phasic muscle interspersed with tonic muscle contractions. Based on the concept of oxygen and capacity-limited thermal tolerance, the following hypothesis was tested: ocean warming and acidification (OWA) would induce disturbances in aerobic metabolic scope and extracellular acid-case status and impair swimming performance in temperate scallops. Following long-term incubation under near-future OWA scenarios [20 vs. 10 °C (control) and 0.112 kPa CO2 (hypercapnia) vs. 0.040 kPa CO2 (normocapnic control)], the clapping performance and metabolic rates (MR) were measured in resting (RMR) and fatigued (maximum MR) king scallops, Pecten maximus, from Roscoff, France. Exposure to OA, either alone or combined with warming, left MR and swimming parameters such as the total number of claps and clapping forces virtually unchanged. Only the duration of the escape response was affected by OA which caused earlier exhaustion in hyper- than in normocapnic scallops at 10 °C. While maximum MR was unaffected, warm exposure increased RMR in both normocapnic and hypercapnic P. maximus resulting in similar Q 10 values of ~2.2. The increased costs of maintenance and the observation of strongly reduced haemolymph PO2 levels indicate that at 20 °C scallops have reached the upper thermal pejus range with unbalanced capacities for aerobic energy metabolism. As a consequence, warming to 20 °C decreased mean phasic force during escape performance until fatigue. The observed prolonged recovery time in warm incubated scallops might be a consequence of elevated metabolic costs at reduced oxygen availability in the warmth.

Keywords

Ocean Acidification Rest Metabolic Rate Escape Response Exhaustive Exercise Tonic Contraction 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Notes

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank “Station Biologique de Roscoff“, especially Yann Fontana (diver) and Pascal Morin (SOMLIT sea water database), for their support in scallops and environmental data supply. We thank S. Hardenberg and F. Véliz Moraleda for their help during scallop transportation. We also gratefully acknowledge the support of N. Klassen, I. Luedeke, C. Otten, A. Tillmann and F. Wermter, who assisted in animal care and water analysis during the incubation experiments. We thank E. Schaum for statistical help and her and L. Fillinger for help in communication in French. We are grateful for the constructive comments on the manuscript of two anonymous reviewers. Scallop supply was funded by ASSEMBLE (Association of European Marine Biological Laboratories; EU FP7 research infrastructure initiative, Grant Agreement No. 227799). The study was funded by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF)-funded project “Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification” (BIOACID, FKZ 03F0608B) and is part of the “Polar regions and coasts in a changing Earth system” (PACES) research programme of the Alfred Wegener Institute.

Ethical standard

We hereby declare that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed.

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  • Burgel Schalkhausser
    • 1
  • Christian Bock
    • 1
  • Hans-O. Pörtner
    • 1
  • Gisela Lannig
    • 1
  1. 1.Integrative ÖkophysiologieAlfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und MeeresforschungBremerhavenGermany

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