Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development of immunosorbents for the analysis of forchlorfenuron in fruit juices by ion mobility spectrometry

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The advantages of using smart materials as immunosorbents in the analysis of complex matrices by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) have been highlighted in this study. A novel analytical method has been proposed for the sensitive, selective, and fast determination of residues of the plant growth regulator forchlorfenuron in fruit juices. Three different monoclonal antibodies (s3#22, p2#21, and p6#41) were employed for the production of immunosorbents, based on Sepharose gel beads, which were characterized in terms of loading capacity, solvent resistance, and repeatability for its use in solid-phase extraction (SPE). Immunosorbents that were prepared with antibody p6#44 provided the best performance, with a loading capacity of 0.97 μg, a 10% (v/v) 2-propanol tolerance, and a reusability of at least eight uses. The SPE procedure involved the use of a column with 0.15 g Sepharose beads, containing 0.5 mg antibody, which was loaded to 20 mL of the sample, washed with 2 mL of water plus 2 mL of 10% (v/v) 2-propanol, and eluted with 2 mL of 2-propanol. The cleaned extract was directly analyzed by IMS, giving a limit of detection of 2 μg L−1 with a relative standard deviation of 7.6%. Trueness was assessed by the analysis of blank grape and kiwifruit juice samples spiked with forchlorfenuron concentrations from 10 to 400 μg L−1, with recoveries from 80 to 115%. The analytical performance of the proposed immunosorbent was compared with conventional extraction and cleanup methods, such as QuEChERS and C18-based SPE, giving the cleanest extracts for accurate determinations of forchlorfenuron by IMS.

ᅟ

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Reynolds AG, Wardle DA, Zusowski C, Looney NF. Phenyl ureas forchlorfenuron and thiadiazuron affect yield components, fruit composition and storage potential of four seedless grape selections. J Am Soc Hortic Sci. 1992;117:85–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Sharma D, Awasthi MD. Behaviour of forchlorfenuron residues in grape, soil and water. Chemosphere. 2003;50:589–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. European Food Safety Authority. Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance forchlorfenuron. EFSA J. 2017;15:4874.

    Google Scholar 

  4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticide fact sheet, forchlorfenuron. 2004.

  5. Commission Regulation (EU) No 398/2014 of 22 April 2014 amending Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for benthiavalicarb, cyazofamid, cyhalofop-butyl, forchlorfenuron, pymetrozine and silthiofam in or on certain products. Off J Eur Union L 23.4.2014 119/3.

  6. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40—protection of environment, part 180—tolerances and exemptions for pesticide chemical residues in food, 180.569 forchlorfenuron; tolerances for residues.

  7. Liu S, He H, Huang X, Jin Q, Zhu G. Comparison of extraction solvents and sorbents in the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method for the determination of pesticide multiresidue in fruits by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci. 2015;38:3525–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Yan Z, Nie JY, Xu GF, Li HF, Li J, Li ZX, et al. Simultaneous determination of plant growth regulators in fruits using a modified QuEChERS procedure and UPLC–MS/MS. Hortic Plat J. 2016;2(4):203–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Suárez-Pantaleón C, Esteve-Turrillas FA, Mercader JV, Agulló C, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A. Development and validation of a direct competitive monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for the sensitive and selective analysis of the phytoregulator forchlorfenuron. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012;403:2019–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Suárez-Pantaleón C, Wichers J, Abad-Somovilla A, Van Amerongen A, Abad-Fuentes A. Development of an immunochromatographic assay based on carbon nanoparticles for the determination of the phytoregulator forchlorfenuron. Biosens Bioelectron. 2013;42:170–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Xu Q, Cai L, Zhao H, Tang J, Shen Y, Hu X, et al. Forchlorfenuron detection based on its inhibitory effect towards catalase immobilized on boron nitride substrate. Biosens Bioelectron. 2015;63:294–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chen X, Yan K, Xiao X, Li G. Analysis of forchlorfenuron and thidiazuron in fruits and vegetables by surface. J Sep Sci. 2016;39:2340–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hu JY, Li JZ. Determination of forchlorfenuron residues in watermelon by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. J AOAC Int. 2006;89(6):1635–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Wang F, Zhang WF, Chen YL, Xu GG, Deng ZF, Du HF, et al. Simultaneous determination of six plant growth regulators in fruits using high performance liquid chromatography based on solid phase extraction and cleanup with a novel mixed-mode functionalized calixarene sorbent. Anal Methods. 2015;7(15):6365–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cheng Y, Nie J, Li Z, Yan Z, Xu G, Li H, et al. A molecularly imprinted polymer synthesized using β-cyclodextrin as the monomer for the efficient recognition of forchlorfenuron in fruits. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2017;409(21):5065–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Eiceman GA, Stone JA. Peer reviewed: ion mobility spectrometers in national defense. New uses of previously unheralded analytical instruments. Anal Chem. 2004;76:390A–7A.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Szymańska E, Davies AN, Buydens LMC. Chemometrics for ion mobility spectrometry data: recent advances and future prospects. Analyst. 2016;141:5689–708.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Płotka-Wasylka J, Szczepanska N, de la Guardia M, Namiesnik J. Modern trends in solid phase extraction: new sorbent media. TRAC Trends Anal Chem. 2016;77:23–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Pichon V, Bouzige M, Mieége CC, Hennion MC. Immunosorbents: natural molecular recognition materials for sample preparation of complex environmental matrices. TRAC Trends Anal Chem. 1999;18:219–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Senyuva HZ, Gilbert J. Immunoaffinity column clean-up techniques in food analysis: a review. J Chromatogr B. 2010;878:115–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Martín-Esteban A. Molecularly-imprinted polymers as a versatile, highly selective tool in sample preparation. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2013;45:169–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Du F, Guo L, Qin Q, Zheng X, Ruan G, Li J, et al. Recent advances in aptamer-functionalized materials in sample preparation. TRAC Trends Anal Chem. 2015;67:134–46.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Rocío-Bautista P, González-Hernández P, Pino V, Pas J, Afonso AM. Metal-organic frameworks as novel sorbents in dispersive-based microextraction approaches. TRAC Trends Anal Chem. 2017;90:114–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wang C, Li M, Xu H, Wei Y. Preparation of an internal surface reversed-phase restricted-access material for the analysis of hydrophobic molecules in biological matrices. J Chromatogr A. 2014;1343:195–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Khalesi M, Sheikh-Zeinoddin M, Tabrizchi M. Determination of ochratoxin A in licorice root using inverse ion mobility spectrometry. Talanta. 2011;83:988–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Armenta S, de la Guardia M, Abad-Fuentes A, Abad-Somovilla A, Esteve-Turrillas FA. Off-line coupling of multidimensional immunoaffinity chromatography and ion mobility spectrometry: a promising partnership. J Chromatogr A. 2015;1426:110–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Armenta S, de la Guardia M, Abad-Fuentes A, Abad-Somovilla A, Esteve-Turrillas FA. Highly selective solid-phase extraction sorbents for chloramphenicol determination in food and urine by ion mobility spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2016;408:8559–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Esteve-Turrillas FA, Mercader JV, Agulló C, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A. Development of immunoaffinity columns for pyraclostrobin extraction from fruit juices and analysis by liquid chromatography with UV detection. J Chromatogr A. 2011;1218:4902–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Suárez-Pantaleón C, Mercader JV, Agulló C, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A. Production and characterization of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to forchlorfenuron. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56:11122–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Suárez-Pantaleón C, Mercader JV, Agulló C, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A. Forchlorfenuron-mimicking haptens: from immunogen design to antibody characterization by hierarchical clustering analysis. Org Biomol Chem. 2011;9:4863–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Valverde A, Aguilera A, Ferrer C, Camacho F, Cammarano A. Analysis of forchlorfenuron in vegetables by LC/TOF-MS after extraction with the buffered QuEChERS method. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58:2818–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Delaunay N, Pichon V, Hennion MC. Immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction for the trace-analysis of low-molecular-mass analytes in complex sample matrices. J Chromatogr B. 2000;745:15–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AGL2012-39965-C02-01-02/ALI and CTQ-2014-52841-P) and Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO-II 2014-077).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, 50 Dr. Moliner St., 46100, Burjassot, Spain

    Alejandro Orellana-Silla, Sergio Armenta, Miguel de la Guardia & Francesc A. Esteve-Turrillas

  2. Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), 7 Agustín Escardino Av., 46980, Paterna, Spain

    Josep V. Mercader

Authors
  1. Alejandro Orellana-Silla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sergio Armenta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Miguel de la Guardia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Josep V. Mercader
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Francesc A. Esteve-Turrillas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Sergio Armenta or Francesc A. Esteve-Turrillas.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Orellana-Silla, A., Armenta, S., de la Guardia, M. et al. Development of immunosorbents for the analysis of forchlorfenuron in fruit juices by ion mobility spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 410, 5961–5967 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-1213-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-1213-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation