Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

, Volume 409, Issue 1, pp 81–94 | Cite as

Enzyme-based logic gates and circuits—analytical applications and interfacing with electronics

Review
First Online:
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:

Abstract

The paper is an overview of enzyme-based logic gates and their short circuits, with specific examples of Boolean AND and OR gates, and concatenated logic gates composed of multi-step enzyme-biocatalyzed reactions. Noise formation in the biocatalytic reactions and its decrease by adding a “filter” system, converting convex to sigmoid response function, are discussed. Despite the fact that the enzyme-based logic gates are primarily considered as components of future biomolecular computing systems, their biosensing applications are promising for immediate practical use. Analytical use of the enzyme logic systems in biomedical and forensic applications is discussed and exemplified with the logic analysis of biomarkers of various injuries, e.g., liver injury, and with analysis of biomarkers characteristic of different ethnicity found in blood samples on a crime scene. Interfacing of enzyme logic systems with modified electrodes and semiconductor devices is discussed, giving particular attention to the interfaces functionalized with signal-responsive materials. Future perspectives in the design of the biomolecular logic systems and their applications are discussed in the conclusion.

Graphical Abstract

Various applications and signal-transduction methods are reviewed for enzyme-based logic systems

Keywords

Logic gate Enzymes Biosensors Biomedical application Forensic application Field-effect device 

Abbreviations

α-KTG

α-Ketoglutaric acid

Abs

Optical absorbance

ABTS

2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)

ABTSox

Oxidized ABTS (colored product)

AcCh

Acetylcholine

AcChE

Acetylcholinesterase (enzyme EC 3.1.1.7)

ADH

Alcohol dehydrogenase (enzyme EC 1.1.1.1)

ADP

Adenosine 5'-diphosphate

Ala

Alanine (amino acid)

ALT

Alanine transaminase (enzyme EC 2.6.1.2)

Asc

Ascorbic acid

ATP

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate

Be

Betaine (product of choline oxidation)

BuCh

Butyrylcholine

ChO

Choline oxidase (enzyme EC 1.1.3.17)

CK

Creatine kinase (enzyme EC 2.7.3.2)

Crt

Creatine

CrtP

Creatine phosphate

DHA

Dehydroascorbic acid (product of ascorbic acid oxidation)

EIS

Electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor

G6PDH

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (enzyme EC 1.1.1.49)

GDH

Glucose dehydrogenase (enzyme EC 1.1.1.47)

Glc

Glucose

Glc6P

Glucose-6-phosphate

Glc6PA

Gluconate-6-phosphate acid (product of Glc6P oxidation)

GlcA

Gluconic acid

GOx

Glucose oxidase (enzyme EC 1.1.3.4)

Glu

Glutamate (amino acid, salt form)

HK

Hexokinase (enzyme EC 2.7.1.1)

HRP

Horseradish peroxidase (enzyme EC 1.11.1.7)

ITO

Indium tin oxide (electrode)

Lac

Lactate

LDH

Lactate dehydrogenase (enzyme EC 1.1.1.27)

MP-11

Microperoxidase-11

MPh

Maltose phosphorylase (enzyme EC 2.4.1.8)

NAD+

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced

P4VP

Poly(4-vinyl pyridine)

PEP

Phospho(enol)pyruvic acid

Pi

Inorganic phosphate

PK

Pyruvate kinase (enzyme EC 2.7.1.40)

PQQ

Pyrroloquinoline quinone

Pyr

Pyruvate

Va

Alternative voltage applied between the conducting support and reference electrode of the EIS device

Vbias

Constant (bias) voltage applied between the conducting support and reference electrode of the EIS device

VFB

Flat-band voltage of the EIS device

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Notes

Acknowledgments

The research at Clarkson University (E.K.) was supported by the USA National Science Foundation, NSF (Awards CBET-1403208).

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interest.

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular ScienceClarkson UniversityPotsdamUSA
  2. 2.Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, FH AachenAachen University of Applied SciencesJülichGermany
  3. 3.Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-8)Research Centre Jülich GmbHJülichGermany

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