Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

, Volume 407, Issue 20, pp 5923–5937 | Cite as

Characterisation of ship diesel primary particulate matter at the molecular level by means of ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry coupled to laser desorption ionisation—comparison of feed fuel, filter extracts and direct particle measurements

  • Christopher P. Rüger
  • Martin Sklorz
  • Theo Schwemer
  • Ralf Zimmermann
Research Paper
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:
Part of the following topical collections:
  1. Aerosols and Health

Abstract

In this study, positive-mode laser desorption-ionisation ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LDI-FT-ICR-MS) was applied to study combustion aerosol samples obtained from a ship diesel engine as well as the feed fuel, used to operate the engine. Furthermore, particulate matter was sampled from the exhaust tube using an impactor and analysed directly from the impaction foil without sample treatment. From the high percentage of shared sum formula as well as similarities in the chemical spread of aerosol and heavy fuel oil, results indicate that the primary aerosol mainly consists of survived, unburned species from the feed fuel. The effect of pyrosynthesis could be observed and was slightly more pronounced for the CH-class compared to other compound classes, but in summary not dominant. Alkylation pattern as well as the aromaticity distribution, using the double bond equivalent, revealed a shift towards lower alkylation state for the aerosol. The alkylation pattern of the most dominant series revealed a higher correlation between different aerosol samples than between aerosol and feed samples. This was confirmed by cluster analysis. Overall, this study shows that LDI-FT-ICR-MS can be successfully applied for the analysis of combustion aerosol at the molecular level and that sum formula information can be used to identify chemical differences between aerosol and fuel as well as between different size fractions of the particulate matter.

Keywords

Ship emissions High-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) Heavy fuel oil Aerosol Particulate matter (PM) Laser desorption ionisation (LDI) 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

Funding by the Helmholtz Foundation for the HICE virtual institute (www.hice-vi.eu) and the state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern scholarship programme, and funding by the European Social Funds (ESF) are gratefully acknowledged. Furthermore, we thank the DFG for funding the Bruker SolariX FT-ICR-MS. The authors thank Jürgen Orasche and the members of the engineering team for the opportunity and assistance by taking the particle samples. Special thanks to Hendryk Czech for fruitful discussions concerning data analysis and to Elize Smit and Juana Maria Parra Contreras for reviewing the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Supplementary material

216_2014_8408_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (1.1 mb)
ESM 1 (PDF 1147 kb)

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  • Christopher P. Rüger
    • 1
  • Martin Sklorz
    • 1
    • 2
  • Theo Schwemer
    • 1
    • 3
  • Ralf Zimmermann
    • 1
    • 2
    • 3
  1. 1.Joint Mass Spectrometry CentreUniversity of RostockRostockGermany
  2. 2.Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular AnalyticsHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenNeuherbergGermany
  3. 3.HICEHelmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental Health—Aerosols and HealthBerlinGermany

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