Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

, Volume 406, Issue 4, pp 995–1010 | Cite as

Characterization of glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramides from plants and fungi by mass spectrometry

  • Corinne Buré
  • Jean-Luc Cacas
  • Sébastien Mongrand
  • Jean-Marie Schmitter
Review
First Online:
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:

Abstract

Although glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramides (GIPCs) represent the most abundant class of sphingolipids in plants, they still remain poorly characterized in terms of structure and biodiversity. More than 50 years after their discovery, little is known about their subcellular distribution and their exact roles in membrane structure and biological functions. This review is focused on extraction and characterization methods of GIPCs occurring in plants and fungi. Global methods for characterizing ceramide moieties of GIPCs revealed the structures of long-chain bases (LCBs) and fatty acids (FAs): LCBs are dominated by tri-hydroxylated molecules such as monounsaturated and saturated phytosphingosine (t18:1 and t18:0, respectively) in plants and mainly phytosphingosine (t18:0 and t20:0) in fungi; FA are generally 14–26 carbon atoms long in plants and 16–26 carbon atoms long in fungi, these chains being often hydroxylated in position 2. Mass spectrometry plays a pivotal role in the assessment of GIPC diversity and the characterization of their structures. Indeed, it allowed to determine that the core structure of GIPC polar heads in plants is Hex(R1)-HexA-IPC, with R1 being a hydroxyl, an amine, or a N-acetylamine group, whereas the core structure in fungi is Man-IPC. Notably, information gained from tandem mass spectrometry spectra was most useful to describe the huge variety of structures encountered in plants and fungi and reveal GIPCs with yet uncharacterized polar head structures, such as hexose–inositol phosphoceramide in Chondracanthus acicularis and (hexuronic acid)4–inositol phosphoceramide and hexose–(hexuronic acid)3–inositol phosphoceramide in Ulva lactuca.

Figure

Example of GIPC with its three building blocks (fatty acid, FA; long chain base, LCB; polar head) where R1 could be a hydroxyl, an amine or a N-acetylamine group

Keywords

Glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramide Plants Fungi Sphingolipids Mass spectrometry 

Abbreviations

CID

Collision-induced dissociation

DHA

2,6-dihydroxy-acetophenone

ESI

Electrospray ionization

FA

Fatty acid

FAME

Fatty acid methyl ester

Gal

Galactose

GIPC

Glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramide

GlcA

Glucuronic acid

GlcN

Glucosamine

GlcNAc

N-acetyl glucosamine

Hex

Hexose

IPC

Inositol phosphoryl ceramide

IT

Ion trap

LCB

Long-chain base

MALDI

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization

Man

Mannose

MRM

Multiple reaction monitoring

MS/MS

Tandem mass spectrometry

NAc

N-acetyl

Q

Quadrupole

TIC

Total ion current

ToF

Time of flight

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Notes

Acknowledgments

The work was supported by the French Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (contract no. NT09_517917 PANACEA).

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

Authors and Affiliations

  • Corinne Buré
    • 1
  • Jean-Luc Cacas
    • 2
    • 3
  • Sébastien Mongrand
    • 2
  • Jean-Marie Schmitter
    • 1
  1. 1.Université de Bordeaux, Chimie Biologie des Membranes et Nanoobjets CBMN-UMR 5248 Centre de Génomique FonctionnelleUniversité Bordeaux SegalenBordeaux CedexFrance
  2. 2.Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse MembranaireUMR 5200 CNRS-Université Bordeaux SegalenVillenave-d’Ornon CedexFrance
  3. 3.UMR1347 Agroécologie, INRA/Université de Bourgogne/AgrosupPôle Interactions Plante-MicroorganismeDijonFrance

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