Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

, Volume 382, Issue 4, pp 1073–1083 | Cite as

Discriminating animal fats and their origins: assessing the potentials of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography, immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction techniques

  • Stefano Bellorini
  • Stefan Strathmann
  • Vincent Baeten
  • Olivier Fumière
  • Gilbert Berben
  • Salvatore Tirendi
  • Christoph von Holst
Original Paper
First Online:
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:

Abstract

The objective of the reported study was to assess the abilities of various methods to differentiate the sources of fats used in feedstuff formulations. The main target was the identification of tallow (ruminant fat) and its differentiation from non-ruminant fats. Four different techniques were compared in terms of their suitability for enforcing existing and upcoming legislation on animal by-products: (1) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) applied to fat samples, (2) gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to determine fatty acid profiles, (3) immunoassays focusing on the protein fraction included in the fat, and (4) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of bovine-specific DNA. Samples of the different fats and oils as well as mixtures of these fats were probed using these analytical methods. FT-IR and GC–MS differentiated pure fat samples quite well but showed limited ability to identify the animal species or even the animal class the fat(s) belonged to; no single compound or spectral signal that could permit species identification could be found. However, immunoassays and PCR were both able to identify the species or groups of species that the fats originated from, and they were the only techniques able to identify low concentrations of tallow in a mixture of fats prepared by the rendering industry, even when the samples had been sterilised at temperatures >133 °C. Fats used in animal nutrition come mainly from the rendering industry, thereby confirming the suitability of PCR and immunoassays for their identification. However, neither of these latter techniques was able to detect “premier jus” tallow, representing the highest quality standard of fat with extremely low protein concentration.

Keywords

Animal fats Species identification FT-IR GC–MS Immunoassay technique PCR TSE 
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Notes

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Roberto Barcarolo (IHCP) for the GC measurements, Félix Rwagasore (CRA-W) for his help regarding the data-treatment of the spectroscopic results, and Ilda Osmanaj (CRA-W) for help during PCR analysis. We further acknowledge the provision of immunoassay dipsticks by Neogen Corporation, Lansing, MI, USA, and the provision of fat samples by Ten Kate Holding Musselkanaal BV, The Netherlands and Lipitalia, SpA., Italy.

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag 2005

Authors and Affiliations

  • Stefano Bellorini
    • 1
  • Stefan Strathmann
    • 1
  • Vincent Baeten
    • 3
  • Olivier Fumière
    • 3
  • Gilbert Berben
    • 3
  • Salvatore Tirendi
    • 2
  • Christoph von Holst
    • 1
  1. 1.European Commission, Directorate-General Joint Research CentreInstitute for Reference Materials and MeasurementsGeelBelgium
  2. 2.European Commission, Directorate-General Joint Research CentreInstitute for Health and Consumer ProtectionIspra (VA)Italy
  3. 3.Centre Wallon de Recherches Agronomiques CRA-WGemblouxBelgium

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