Computational prediction of the endohedral metalloborofullerenes Ti n @B40 (n = 1, 2)

Regular Article
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

The recent discovery of the B 40 −/0 borospherenes (Zhai et al. in Nat Chem 6:727–731, 2014) has stimulated a large number of experimental/theoretical studies on the small all-boron fullerenes. At the same time, their capabilities to accommodate various metal species are predicted by calculations. However, the simultaneous encapsulation of two metal atoms has never been touched probably due to the limited cavities of these boron cages. In this work, systematic density functional theory calculations reveal that B40 tends to entrap one and even two titanium atoms. The formed Ti n @B40 (n = 1, 2) complexes possess large binding energies and sizable HOMO–LUMO gap energies, and are highly robust at different temperatures (300–1000 K), suggesting their excellent stabilities. Interestingly, Ti2@B40 features two filled pentagonal (B@B5) motifs with protruding central atom, which are reminiscent of the B12 icosahedral unit in bulk boron. The analysis on the electronic properties and bonding patterns of Ti n @B40 reveal that both of them have σ plus π double electron delocalization. Furthermore, various spectroscopies were simulated for the future experimental characterization.

Keywords

Boron clusters Borofullerenes Endohedral fullerenes Density functional calculations 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgements

Support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21103224 and 21603052) is gratefully acknowledged.

Supplementary material

214_2017_2087_MOESM1_ESM.docx (4.7 mb)
Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 4841 kb)

References

  1. 1.
    Zhai HJ, Kiran B, Li J, Wang LS (2003) Hydrocarbon analogues of boron clusters—planarity, aromaticity and antiaromaticity. Nat Mater 2:827–833CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Zhai HJ, Alexandrova AN, Birch KA, Boldyrev AI, Wang LS (2003) Hepta- and octacoordinate boron in molecular wheels of eight- and nine-atom boron clusters: observation and confirmation. Angew Chem Int Ed 42:6004–6008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Kiran B, Bulusu S, Zhai HJ, Yoo S, Zeng XC, Wang LS (2005) Planar-to-tubular structural transition in boron clusters: B20 as the embryo of single-walled boron nanotubes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:961–964CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. 4.
    Sergeeva AP, Zubarev DY, Zhai HJ, Boldyrev AI, Wang LS (2008) A photoelectron spectroscopic and theoretical study of B16 − and B16 2−: an all-boron naphthalene. J Am Chem Soc 130:7244–7246CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Li WL, Chen Q, Tian WJ, Bai H, Zhao YF, Hu HS, Li J, Zhai HJ, Li SD, Wang LS (2014) The B35 cluster with a double-hexagonal vacancy: a new and more flexible structural motif for borophene. J Am Chem Soc 136:12257–12260CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Alexandrova AN, Boldyrev AI, Zhai HJ, Wang LS (2006) All-boron aromatic clusters as potential new inorganic ligands and building blocks in chemistry. Coord Chem Rev 250:2811–2866CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Wang LS (2016) Photoelectron spectroscopy of size-selected boron clusters: from planar structures to borophenes and borospherenes. Int Rev Phys Chem 35:69–142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Szwacki NG, Sadrzadeh A, Yakobson BI (2007) B80 fullerene: an ab initio prediction of geometry, stability, and electronic structure. Phys Rev Lett 98:166804CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Zhao J, Wang L, Li F, Chen Z (2010) B80 and other medium-sized boron clusters: core–shell structures, not hollow cages. J Phys Chem A 114:9969–9972CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Li H, Shao N, Shang B, Yuan LF, Yang J, Zeng XC (2010) Icosahedral B12-containing core–shell structures of B80. Chem Commun 46:3878–3880CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    De S, Willand A, Amsler M, Pochet P, Genovese L, Goedecker S (2011) Energy landscape of fullerene materials: a comparison of boron to boron nitride and carbon. Phys Rev Lett 106:225502–225505CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Li F, Jin P, De Jiang, Wang L, Zhang SB, Zhao J, Chen Z (2012) B80 and B101–103 clusters: remarkable stability of the core–shell structures established by validated density functional. J Chem Phys 136:074302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Zhai HJ, Zhao YF, Li WL, Chen Q, Bai H, Hu HS, Piazza ZA, Tian WJ, Lu HG, Wu YB, Mu YW, Wei GF, Liu ZP, Li J, Li SD, Wang LS (2014) Observation of an all-boron fullerene. Nat Chem 6:727–731Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    Pham HT, Duong LV, Tam NM, Pham-Ho MP, Nguyen MT (2014) The boron conundrum: bonding in the bowl B30 and B36, fullerene B40 and triple ring B42 clusters. Chem Phys Lett 608:295–302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    He R, Zeng XC (2015) Electronic structures and electronic spectra of all-boron fullerene B40. Chem Commun 51:3185–3188CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Li S, Zhang Z, Long Z, Sun G, Qin S (2016) Comparative study on the spectral properties of boron clusters Bn0/−1(n = 38–40). Sci Rep 6:25020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Martínez-Guajardo G, Cabellos JL, Díaz-Celaya A, Pan S, Islas R, Chattaraj PK, Heine T, Merino G (2015) Dynamical behavior of borospherene: a nanobubble. Sci Rep 5:11287CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Yang Z, Ji YL, Lan G, Xu L, Liu X, Xu B (2015) Design molecular rectifier and photodetector with all-boron fullerene. Solid State Commun 217:38–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Gao G, Ma F, Jiao Y, Sun Q, Waclawik E, Jiao Y, Du A (2015) Modelling CO2 adsorption and separation on experimentally realized B40 fullerene. Comput Mater Sci 108:38–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Dong H, Lin B, Gilmore K, Hou T, Lee ST, Li Y (2015) B40 fullerene: an efficient material for CO2 capture, storage and separation. Curr Appl Phys 15:1084–1089CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    Dong H, Hou T, Lee ST, Li Y (2015) New Ti-decorated B40 fullerene as a promising hydrogen storage material. Sci Rep 5:9952CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. 22.
    Lin B, Dong H, Du C, Hou T, Lin H, Li Y (2016) B40 fullerene as a highly sensitive molecular device for NH3 detection at low bias: a first-principles study. Nanotechnology 27:075501CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    Liu CS, Ye XJ, Wang X, Yan X (2016) Metalized B40 fullerene as a novel material for storage and optical detection of hydrogen: a first-principles study. RSC Adv 6:56907–56912CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    Tang C, Zhang X (2016) The hydrogen storage capacity of Sc atoms decorated porous boron fullerene B40: a DFT study. Int J Hydrog Energy 41:16992–16999CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    Bai H, Bai B, Zhang L, Huang W, Mu YW, Zhai HJ, Li SD (2016) Lithium-decorated borospherene B40: a promising hydrogen storage medium. Sci Rep 6:35518CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    Zhao J, Huang X, Shi R, Liu H, Su Y, King RB (2015) B28: the smallest all-boron cage from an ab initio global search. Nanoscale 7:15086–15090CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    Wang YJ, Zhao YF, Li WL, Jian T, Chen Q, You XR, Ou T, Zhao XY, Zhai HJ, Li SD, Li J, Wang LS (2016) Observation and characterization of the smallest borospherene, B28 − and B28. J Chem Phys 144:064307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 28.
    Li HR, Jian T, Li WL, Miao CQ, Wang YJ, Chen Q, Luo XM, Wang K, Zhai HJ, Li SD, Wang LS (2016) Competition between quasi-planar and cage-like structures in the B29 − cluster: photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 18:29147–29155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    Tian WJ, Chen Q, Li HR, Yan M, Mu YW, Lu HG, Zhai HJ, Li SD (2016) Saturn-like charge-transfer complexes Li4&B36, Li5&B36 +, and Li6&B36 2+: exohedral metalloborospherenes with a perfect cage-like B36 4− core. Phys Chem Chem Phys 18:9922–9926CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    Chen Q, Li HR, Tian WJ, Lu HG, Zhai HJ, Li SD (2016) Endohedral charge-transfer complex Ca@B37 −: stabilization of a B37 3− borospherene trianion by metal-encapsulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 18:14186–14190CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    Lv J, Wang Y, Zhu L, Ma Y (2014) B38: an all-boron fullerene analogue. Nanoscale 6:11692–11696CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    Tai TB, Nguyen MT (2015) Comment on “B38: an all-boron fullerene analogue” by J. Lv, Y. Wang, L. Zhu and Y. Ma, Nanoscale, 2014, 6, 11692. Nanoscale 7:3316–3317CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    Chen Q, Li HR, Miao CQ, Wang YJ, Lu HG, Mu YW, Ren GM, Zhai HJ, Li SD (2016) Endohedral Ca@B38: stabilization of a B38 2− borospherene dianion by metal encapsulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 18:11610–11615CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    Chen Q, Li WL, Zhao YF, Zhang SY, Hu HS, Bai H, Li HR, Tian WJ, Lu HG, Zhai HJ, Li SD, Li J, Wang LS (2015) Experimental and theoretical evidence of an axially chiral borospherene. ACS Nano 9:754–760CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. 35.
    Gao TT, Chen Q, Mu YW, Lu H, Li SD (2016) “W-X-M” transformations in isomerization of B39 − borospherenes. AIP Adv 6:065110CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. 36.
    Li HR, Chen Q, Tian XX, Lu HG, Zhai HJ, Li SD (2016) Cage-like B40 +: a perfect borospherene monocation. J Mol Model 22:124CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. 37.
    Chen Q, Zhang SY, Bai H, Tian WJ, Gao T, Li HR, Miao CQ, Mu YW, Lu HG, Zhai HJ, Li SD (2015) Cage-Like B41 + and B42 2+: new chiral members of the borospherene family. Angew Chem Int Ed 54:8160–8164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. 38.
    Tai TB, Lee SU, Nguyen MT (2016) Aromatic cages B420/+: unprecedented existence of octagonal holes in boron clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 18:11620–11623CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. 39.
    Tai TB, Nguyen MT (2016) A new chiral boron cluster B44 containing nonagonal holes. Chem Commun 52:1653–1656CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    Lu X, Feng L, Akasaka T, Nagase S (2012) Current status and future developments of endohedral metallofullerenes. Chem Soc Rev 41:7723–7760CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    Popov AA, Yang S, Dunsch L (2013) Endohedral fullerenes. Chem Rev 113:5989–6113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    Jin P, Tang C, Chen Z (2014) Carbon atoms trapped in cages: metal carbide clusterfullerenes. Coord Chem Rev 270–271:89–111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Zhao J, Huang X, Jin P, Chen Z (2015) Magnetic properties of atomic clusters and endohedral metallofullerenes. Coord Chem Rev 289–290:315–340CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 44.
    Heath JR, O’Brien SC, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Curl RF, Tittel FK, Smalley RE (1985) Lanthanum complexes of spheroidal carbon shells. J Am Chem Soc 107:7779–7780CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. 45.
    Chai Y, Guo T, Jin CM, Haufler RE, Chibante LPF, Fure J, Wang LH, Alford JM, Smalley RE (1991) Fullerenes with metals inside. J Phys Chem 95:7564–7568CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 46.
    Jin P, Hao C, Li S, Mi W, Sun Z, Zhang J, Hou Q (2007) Theoretical study on the motion of a La atom inside a C82 cage. J Phys Chem A 111:167–169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. 47.
    Alvarez MM, Gillan EG, Holczer K, Kaner RB, Min KS, Whetten RL (1991) Lanthanum carbide (La2C80): a soluble dimetallofullerene. J Phys Chem 95:10561–10563CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    Akasaka T, Nagase S, Kobayashi K, Wälchli M, Yamamoto K, Funasaka H, Kako M, Hoshino T, Erata T (1997) 13C and 139La NMR studies of La2@C80: first evidence for circular motion of metal atoms in endohedral dimetallofullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 36:1643–1645CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. 49.
    Zhang J, Hao C, Li S, Mi W, Jin P (2007) Which configuration is more stable for La2@C80, D 3d or D 2h? Recomputation with ZORA methods within ADF. J Phys Chem C 111:7862–7867CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 50.
    Jin P, Mi W, Hao C, Li S, Gao Z (2009) Relativistic density functional theory study on the 139La chemical shifts and electronic spectra of La2@C72. J Comput Theor Nanosci 6:434–438CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 51.
    Stevenson S, Rice G, Glass T, Harich K, Cromer F, Jordan MR, Craft J, Hadju E, Bible R, Olmstead MM, Maitra K, Fisher AJ, Balch AL, Dorn HC (1999) Small bandgap endohedral metallofullerenes in high yield and purity. Nature 401:55–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 52.
    Jin P, Zhou Z, Hao C, Gao Z, Tan K, Lu X, Chen Z (2010) NC unit trapped by fullerenes: a density functional theory study on Sc3NC@C2n (2n = 68, 78 and 80). Phys Chem Chem Phys 12:12442–12449CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. 53.
    Jin P, Hao C, Gao Z, Zhang SB, Chen Z (2009) Endohedral metalloborofullerenes La2@B80 and Sc3N@B80: a density functional theory prediction. J Phys Chem A 113:11613–11618CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. 54.
    Jin P, Liu C, Hou Q, Li L, Tang C, Chen Z (2016) Scandium carbides/cyanides in the boron cage: computational prediction of X@B80 (X = Sc2C2, Sc3C2, Sc3CN and Sc3C2CN). Phys Chem Chem Phys 18:21398–21411CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. 55.
    Bai H, Chen Q, Zhai HJ, Li SD (2015) Endohedral and exohedral metalloborospherenes: M@B40 (M = Ca, Sr) and M&B40 (M = Be, Mg). Angew Chem Int Ed 54:941–945CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 56.
    Tam NM, Pham HT, Duong LV, Pham-Ho MP, Nguyen MT (2015) Fullerene-like boron clusters stabilized by an endohedrally doped iron atom: BnFe with n = 14, 16, 18 and 20. Phys Chem Chem Phys 17:3000–3003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. 57.
    Lv J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Lin H, Zhao J, Ma Y (2015) Stabilization of fullerene-like boron cages by transition metal encapsulation. Nanoscale 7:10482–10489CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 58.
    Zhao RN, Yuan YH, Han JG, Duan Y (2016) Geometries, stabilities, and electronic properties of tungsten encapsulated nanosize irregular Bn (n = 20, 24, 28, and 32) fullerenes: a density functional investigation. Chem Phys Lett 648:41–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. 59.
    Mahdavifar Z, Poulad M (2016) Stability prediction of pristine and metal endohedral borofullerenes: computational approach. J Mol Liq 219:1144–1156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. 60.
    Xu Q, Liu C, Yang L, Jin P, Tang C, Chen Z (2016) Computational investigation on MBn (M = Li-Cs, Be-Ba, Sc-La and Ti; n = 28 and 38). J Mol Model 22:184CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. 61.
    Lu Q, Luo Q, Li Y, Huang S (2015) DFT study on endohedral and exohedral B38 fullerenes: M@B38 (M = Sc, Y, Ti) and M&B38 (M = Nb, Fe Co, Ni). Phys Chem Chem Phys 17:20897–20902CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. 62.
    Chen Q, Gao T, Tian WJ, Bai H, Zhang SY, Li HR, Miao CQ, Mu YW, Lu HG, Zhai HJ, Li SD (2015) Endohedral C 3 Ca@B39 + and C 2 Ca@B39 +: axially chiral metalloborospherenes based on B39 −. Phys Chem Chem Phys 17:19690–19694CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. 63.
    Jin P, Hou Q, Tang C, Chen Z (2015) Computational investigation on the endohedral borofullerenes M@B40 (M = Sc, Y, La). Theor Chem Acc 134:13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. 64.
    Fa W, Chen S, Pande S, Zeng XC (2015) Stability of metal-encapsulating boron fullerene B40. J Phys Chem A 119:11208–11214CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. 65.
    Wang W, Guo YD, Yan XH (2016) The spin-dependent transport of transition metal encapsulated B40 fullerene. RSC Adv 6:40155–40161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. 66.
    An Y, Zhang M, Wu D, Fu Z, Wang T, Xia C (2016) Electronic transport properties of the first all-boron fullerene B40 and its metallofullerene Sr@B40. Phys Chem Chem Phys 18:12024–12028CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 67.
    Shakerzadeh E, Biglari Z, Tahmasebi E (2016) M@B40 (M = Li, Na, K) serving as a potential promising novel NLO nanomaterial. Chem Phys Lett 654:76–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. 68.
    Yang L, Jin P, Hou Q, Li L (2016) Endohedral metalloborofullerenes M@B44 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba): a computational investigation. J Mol Model 22:297CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 69.
    Shah EV, Roy DR (2016) Sc3N and Sc2C2 encapsulated B40: smarter than its carbon analogue. Phys E 84:354–360CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 70.
    Liu C, Yang L, Jin P, Hou Q, Li L (2017) Computational prediction of endohedral dimetalloborofullerenes M2@B80 (M = Sc, Y). Chem Phys Lett 676:89–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 71.
    Wang J, Ma L, Liang Y, Gao M, Wang G (2014) Density functional theory study of transition metals doped B80 fullerene. J Theor Comput Chem 13:1450050CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. 72.
    Perdew JP, Burke K, Ernzerhof M (1996) Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys Rev Lett 77:3865CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. 73.
    Krishnan R, Binkley JS, Seeger R, Pople JA (1980) Self-consistent molecular orbital methods. XX. A basis set for correlated wave functions. J Chem Phys 72:650CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. 74.
    Cao X, Dolg M (2002) Segmented contraction scheme for small-core lanthanide pseudopotential basis sets. J Mol Struct (Theochem) 581:139–147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. 75.
    Adamo C, Barone V (1999) Toward reliable density functional methods without adjustable parameters: the PBE0 model. J Chem Phys 110:6158–6170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. 76.
    Tao J, Perdew JP, Staroverov VN, Scuseria GE (2003) Climbing the density functional ladder: nonempirical meta–generalized gradient approximation designed for molecules and solids. Phys Rev Lett 91:146401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. 77.
    Wolinski K, Hilton JF, Pulay P (1990) Efficient implementation of the gauge-independent atomic orbital method for NMR chemical shift calculations. J Am Chem Soc 112:8251–8260CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. 78.
    Frisch MJ, Trucks GW, Schlegel HB, Scuseria GE, Robb MA, Cheeseman JR, Scalmani G, Barone V, Mennucci B, Petersson GA et al (2010) Gaussian Inc., Wallingford, CTGoogle Scholar
  79. 79.
    CYLview, 1.0b; Legault CY (2009) Université de Sherbrooke. http://www.cylview.org
  80. 80.
    Humphery W, Dalke A, Schulten K (1996) VMD: visual molecular dynamics. J Mol Graph 14:33–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. 81.
    Becke AD, Edgecombe KE (1990) A simple measure of electron localization in atomic and molecular systems. J Chem Phys 92:5397CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  82. 82.
    Schmider HL, Becke AD (2000) Chemical content of the kinetic energy density. J Mol Struct (THEOCHEM) 527:51–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. 83.
    Lu T, Chen F (2012) Multiwfn: a multifunctional wavefunction analyzer. J Comput Chem 33:580–592CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  84. 84.
    Delley B (1990) An all-electron numerical method for solving the local density functional for polyatomic molecules. J Chem Phys 92:508CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. 85.
    Delley B (2000) From molecules to solids with the approach. J Chem Phys 113:7756CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  86. 86.
    Slater JC (1964) Atomic radii in crystals. J Chem Phys 41:3199–3204CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. 87.
    Liu P, Zhang H, Cheng X, Tang Y (2016) Ti-decorated B38 fullerene: a high capacity hydrogen storage material. Int J Hydrog Energy 41:19123–19128CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. 88.
    Guo T, Diener MD, Chai Y, Alford MJ, Haufler RE, McClure SM, Ohno T, Weaver JH, Scuseria GE, Smalley RE (1992) Uranium stabilization of C28: a tetravalent fullerene. Science 257:1661–1664CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. 89.
    Liu D, Hagelberg F, Park SS (2006) Charge transfer and electron backdonation in metallofullerenes encapsulating NSc3. Chem Phys 330:380–386CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  90. 90.
    Vast N, Baroni S, Zerah G, Besson JM, Polian A, Grimsditch M, Chervin JC (1997) Lattice dynamics of icosahedral α-boron under pressure. Phys Rev Lett 78:693–696CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. 91.
    Piazza ZA, Li WL, Romanescu C, Sergeeva AP, Wang LS, Boldyrev AI (2012) A photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio study of B21 −: negatively charged boron clusters continue to be planar at 21. J Chem Phys 136:104310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. 92.
    Popov IA, Piazza ZA, Li WL, Wang LS, Boldyrev AI (2013) A combined photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio study of the quasi-planar B24 − cluster. J Chem Phys 139:144307CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Key Laboratory for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, School of Materials Science and EngineeringHebei University of TechnologyTianjinChina

Personalised recommendations