Advertisement

Psychopharmacology

, Volume 236, Issue 12, pp 3385–3399 | Cite as

A comparison of regional brain volumes and white matter connectivity in subjects with stimulant induced psychosis versus schizophrenia

  • Peter D. Alexander
  • Kristina M. Gicas
  • Alex Cheng
  • Donna J. Lang
  • Ric M. Procyshyn
  • Alexandra T. Vertinsky
  • William J. Panenka
  • Allen E. Thornton
  • Alexander Rauscher
  • Jamie Y. X. Wong
  • Tasha Chan
  • Andrea A. Jones
  • F. Vila-Rodriguez
  • William G. Honer
  • Alasdair M. BarrEmail author
Original Investigation
First Online:

Abstract

Rationale

Schizophrenia and stimulant-induced psychosis (SIP) represent two different forms of psychotic disorder, with different etiologies. While many of the symptoms of psychosis are common to both disorders, there have been few direct comparisons between these conditions, especially when controlling for stimulant use in individuals with schizophrenia.

Objectives

We directly compared both psychotic disorders with a comprehensive battery of clinical, neurocognitive and neuroanatomical measures. This included one group with SIP (and concurrent stimulant dependence) and two groups with schizophrenia (either with or without concurrent stimulant dependence).

Methods

Ninety-six participants were recruited from a marginalized urban population, which included 39 with SIP (and concurrent stimulant dependence), 18 with schizophrenia (without stimulant dependence), and 39 with schizophrenia (with concurrent stimulant dependence). All subjects had extensive clinical and neurocognitive evaluations, complemented with structural MRI including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequences to determine regional brain volumes and white matter connectivity.

Results

Both positive and negative symptoms were greater in the SZ-dependent group than the other two. Neurocognitive function was broadly similar. The structural brain imaging revealed lateralized changes to the left parietal/temporal lobe, in which regional volumes were smaller in the SZ-dependent than the SZ-non-dependent group. DTI analysis indicated extensive decreases in fractional anisotropy, with parallel increases in radial diffusivity, in the SIP group compared to the SZ-dependent group.

Conclusions

These findings reveal both similarities and differences between SIP and schizophrenia. Furthermore, schizophrenia with concurrent stimulant dependence may be associated with a different clinical and neuroanatomical profile as compared to schizophrenia alone.

Keywords

Cocaine Dependence Methamphetamine Cognition PANSS Psychosis Schizophrenia Substance use MRI Diffusion tensor imaging 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgments

The study was funded by the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CBG-101827, MOP-137103) and the British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services (an Agency of the Provincial Health Services Authority).

Compliance with ethical standards

Conflict of interest

Drs. Gicas, Lang, Panenka, Rauscher, Vila-Rodriguez, and Barr report no competing interests. Mr. Alexander and Ms. Wong, Chan and Jones report no competing interests.

Dr. Honer has received consulting fees or sat on paid advisory boards for In Silico, Otsuka/Lundbeck, Roche, and Eli Lilly received honoraria from Rush University, University of Ottawa, University of Calgary, University of Hong Kong, British Columbia Health Authorities, the British Association for Psychopharmacology, and the Canadian Psychiatric Association, and received grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).

Dr. Procyshyn has received consulting fees from Janssen, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Pfizer, and Sunovion and is on the speaker’s bureau for AstraZeneca, Janssen, Lundbeck, Otsuka, and Pfizer, and received grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

Dr. Thornton has received grants from the William and Ada Isabelle Steel Fund and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

References

  1. Alam Mehrjerdi Z, Barr AM, Noroozi A (2013) Methamphetamine-associated psychosis: a new health challenge in Iran. Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences 21:30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Alexander PD, Gicas KM, Willi TS, Kim CN, Boyeva V, Procyshyn RM, Smith GN, Thornton AE, Panenka WJ, Jones AA, Vila-Rodriguez F, Lang DJ, William MacEwan G, Honer WG, Barr AM (2017) A comparison of psychotic symptoms in subjects with methamphetamine versus cocaine dependence. Psychopharmacology 234:1535–1547PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Ashburner J, Friston KJ (2003) Image segmentation. In: Frackowiak RSJ, Friston KJ, Frith C, Dolan R, Price CJ, Zeki S, Ashburner J, Penny WD (eds) Human brain function. Academic PressGoogle Scholar
  4. Bahorik AL, Newhill CE, Eack SM (2014) Neurocognitive functioning of individuals with schizophrenia: using and not using drugs. Schizophr Bull 40:856–867PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Barakauskas VE, Beasley CL, Barr AM, Ypsilanti AR, Li HY, Thornton AE, Wong H, Rosokilja G, Mann JJ, Mancevski B, Jakovski Z, Davceva N, Ilievski B, Dwork AJ, Falkai P, Honer WG (2010) A novel mechanism and treatment target for presynaptic abnormalities in specific striatal regions in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 35:1226–1238PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Barr AM, Panenka WJ, Macewan GW, Thornton AE, Lang DJ, Honer WG, Lecomte T (2006) The need for speed: an update on methamphetamine addiction. J Psychiatry Neurosci 31:301–313PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  7. Bechara A, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Anderson SW (1994) Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition 50:7–15PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Berman S, O'Neill J, Fears S, Bartzokis G, London ED (2008) Abuse of amphetamines and structural abnormalities in the brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1141:195–220PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Bowie CR, Harvey PD (2005) Cognition in schizophrenia: impairments, determinants, and functional importance. Psychiatr Clin North Am 28:613–33, 626PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Bramness JG, Gundersen OH, Guterstam J, Rognli EB, Konstenius M, Loberg EM, Medhus S, Tanum L, Franck J (2012) Amphetamine-induced psychosis--a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable? BMC Psychiatry 12:221PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Brandt J, Benedict RHB (2001) Hopkins Verbal Learning Test—Revised. Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc, Lutz, FLGoogle Scholar
  12. Cousineau D, Chartier S (2010) Outliers detection and treatment: a review. Int J Psychol Res 3:58–67CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Csernansky JG, Gillespie SK, Dierker DL, Anticevic A, Wang L, Barch DM, Van Essen DC (2008) Symmetric abnormalities in sulcal patterning in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 43:440–446PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Davis J, Eyre H, Jacka FN, Dodd S, Dean O, McEwen S, Debnath M, McGrath J, Maes M, Amminger P, McGorry PD, Pantelis C, Berk M (2016) A review of vulnerability and risks for schizophrenia: beyond the two hit hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 65:185–194PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Desikan RS, Segonne F, Fischl B, Quinn BT, Dickerson BC, Blacker D, Buckner RL, Dale AM, Maguire RP, Hyman BT, Albert MS, Killiany RJ (2006) An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. Neuroimage 31:968–980CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Di Forti M, Lappin JM, Murray RM (2007) Risk factors for schizophrenia--all roads lead to dopamine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17(Suppl 2):S101–S107PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Douaud G, Smith S, Jenkinson M, Behrens T, Johansen-Berg H, Vickers J, James S, Voets N, Watkins K, Matthews PM, James A (2007) Anatomically related grey and white matter abnormalities in adolescent-onset schizophrenia. Brain 130:2375–2386PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Ellison-Wright I, Bullmore E (2009) Meta-analysis of diffusion tensor imaging studies in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 108:3–10PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Elvevag B, Goldberg TE (2000) Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is the core of the disorder. Crit Rev Neurobiol 14:1–21PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Emsley R, Rabinowitz J, Torreman M (2003) The factor structure for the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) in recent-onset psychosis. Schizophr Res 61:47–57PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Ezzatpanah Z, Shariat SV, Tehrani-Doost M (2014) Cognitive functions in methamphetamine induced psychosis compared to schizophrenia and normal subjects. Iran J Psychiatry 9:152–157PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  22. Fagerström KO (1978) Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment. Addict Behav 3:235–241PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Fray PJ, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ (1996) Neuropsychiatric applications of CANTAB. Int J Geriatric Psychiatry 11:329–336CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Gicas KM, Cheng A, Rawtaer I, Willi TS, Panenka WJ, Lang DJ, Smith GN, Vila-Rodriguez F, Leonova O, Giesbrecht CJ, Jones AA, Barr AM, Procyshyn RM, Buchanan T, MacEwan GW, Su W, Vertinsky AT, Rauscher A, O'Rourke N, Loken Thornton W, Thornton AE, Honer WG (2019) Diffusion tensor imaging of neurocognitive profiles in a community cohort living in marginal housing. Brain and behavior 9:e01233PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Gicas KM, Giesbrecht CJ, Panenka WJ, Lang DJ, Smith GN, Vila-Rodriguez F, Leonova O, Jones AA, Barr AM, Procyshyn RM, Buchanan T, MacEwan GW, Su W, Vertinsky AT, Rauscher A, Honer WG, Thornton AE (2017) Structural brain markers are differentially associated with neurocognitive profiles in socially marginalized people with multimorbid illness. Neuropsychology 31:28–43PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Gicas KM, Thornton AE, Waclawik K, Wang N, Jones AA, Panenka WJ, Lang DJ, Smith GN, Vila-Rodriguez F, Leonova O, Barr AM, Procyshyn RM, Buchanan T, Su W, Vertinsky AT, Rauscher A, MacEwan GW, Honer WG (2018) Volumes of the hippocampal formation differentiate component processes of memory in a community sample of homeless and marginally housed persons. Arch Clin NeuropsycholGoogle Scholar
  27. Gicas KM, Vila-Rodriguez F, Paquet K, Barr AM, Procyshyn RM, Lang DJ, Smith GN, Baitz HA, Giesbrecht CJ, Montaner JS, Krajden M, Krausz M, MacEwan GW, Panenka WJ, Honer WG, Thornton AE (2014) Neurocognitive profiles of marginally housed persons with comorbid substance dependence, viral infection, and psychiatric illness. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 36:1009–1022PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Gururajan A, Manning EE, Klug M, van den Buuse M (2012) Drugs of abuse and increased risk of psychosis development. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 46:1120–1135PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Honer WG, Cervantes-Larios A, Jones AA, Vila-Rodriguez F, Montaner JS, Tran H, Nham J, Panenka WJ, Lang DJ, Thornton AE, Vertinsky T, Barr AM, Procyshyn RM, Smith GN, Buchanan T, Krajden M, Krausz M, MacEwan GW, Gicas KM, Leonova O, Langheimer V, Rauscher A, Schultz K (2017) The hotel study-clinical and health service effectiveness in a cohort of homeless or marginally housed persons. Can J Psychiatr 62:482–492CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Hua K, Zhang J, Wakana S, Jiang H, Li X, Reich DS, Calabresi PA, Pekar JJ, van Zijl PC, Mori S (2008) Tract probability maps in stereotaxic spaces: analyses of white matter anatomy and tract-specific quantification. Neuroimage 39:336–347PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Ipser JC, Uhlmann A, Taylor P, Harvey BH, Wilson D, Stein DJ (2018) Distinct intrinsic functional brain network abnormalities in methamphetamine-dependent patients with and without a history of psychosis. Addict Biol 23:347–358PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Iwashiro N, Suga M, Takano Y, Inoue H, Natsubori T, Satomura Y, Koike S, Yahata N, Murakami M, Katsura M, Gonoi W, Sasaki H, Takao H, Abe O, Kasai K, Yamasue H (2012) Localized gray matter volume reductions in the pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis and first episode for schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 137:124–131PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Jacobs E, Fujii D, Schiffman J, Bello I (2008) An exploratory analysis of neurocognition in methamphetamine-induced psychotic disorder and paranoid schizophrenia. Cogn Behav Neurol : official journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology 21:98–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Jenkinson M, Beckmann CF, Behrens TE, Woolrich MW, Smith SM (2012) FSL. Neuroimage 62:782–790PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Jones AA, Jang K, Panenka WJ, Barr AM, MacEwan GW, Thornton AE, Honer WG (2018) Rapid change in fentanyl prevalence in a community-based, high-risk sample. JAMA psychiatry 75:298–300PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Jones AA, Vila-Rodriguez F, Panenka WJ, Leonova O, Strehlau V, Lang DJ, Thornton AE, Wong H, Barr AM, Procyshyn RM, Smith GN, Buchanan T, Krajden M, Krausz M, Montaner JS, Macewan GW, Nutt DJ, Honer WG (2013) Personalized risk assessment of drug-related harm is associated with health outcomes. PLoS One 8:e79754PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Kubicki M, Shenton ME (2014) Diffusion tensor imaging findings and their implications in schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 27:179–184PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Kuramoto SJ, Bohnert AS, Latkin CA (2011) Understanding subtypes of inner-city drug users with a latent class approach. Drug Alcohol Depend 118:237–243PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Laruelle M (2000) The role of endogenous sensitization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: implications from recent brain imaging studies. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 31:371–384PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Laviolette SR (2007) Dopamine modulation of emotional processing in cortical and subcortical neural circuits: evidence for a final common pathway in schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull 33:971–981PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Lecomte T, Mueser KT, MacEwan W, Thornton AE, Buchanan T, Bouchard V, Goldner E, Brink J, Lang D, Kang S, Barr AM, Honer WG (2013) Predictors of persistent psychotic symptoms in persons with methamphetamine abuse receiving psychiatric treatment. J Nerv Ment Dis 201:1085–1089PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Lewis DA, Levitt P (2002) Schizophrenia as a disorder of neurodevelopment. Annu Rev Neurosci 25:409–432PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Mazziotta J, Toga A, Evans A, Fox P, Lancaster J, Zilles K, Woods R, Paus T, Simpson G, Pike B, Holmes C, Collins L, Thompson P, MacDonald D, Iacoboni M, Schormann T, Amunts K, Palomero-Gallagher N, Geyer S, Parsons L, Narr K, Kabani N, Le Goualher G, Feidler J, Smith K, Boomsma D, Hulshoff Pol H, Cannon T, Kawashima R, Mazoyer B (2001) A four-dimensional probabilistic atlas of the human brain. J Am Med Inform Assoc : JAMIA 8:401–430PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. McHorney CA, Ware JE Jr, Lu JF, Sherbourne CD (1994) The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): III. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. Med Care 32:40–66PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. McKetin R, Baker AL, Dawe S, Voce A, Lubman DI (2017) Differences in the symptom profile of methamphetamine-related psychosis and primary psychotic disorders. Psychiatry Res 251:349–354PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. McKetin R, Dawe S, Burns RA, Hides L, Kavanagh DJ, Teesson M, Mc DYR, Voce A, Saunders JB (2016) The profile of psychiatric symptoms exacerbated by methamphetamine use. Drug Alcohol Depend 161:104–109PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. McKetin R, Lubman DI, Baker AL, Dawe S, Ali RL (2013) Dose-related psychotic symptoms in chronic methamphetamine users: evidence from a prospective longitudinal study. JAMA psychiatry 70:319–324PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Medhus S, Mordal J, Holm B, Morland J, Bramness JG (2013) A comparison of symptoms and drug use between patients with methamphetamine associated psychoses and patients diagnosed with schizophrenia in two acute psychiatric wards. Psychiatry Res 206:17–21PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Mori S, Oishi K, Jiang H, Jiang L, Li X, Akhter K, Hua K, Faria AV, Mahmood A, Woods R, Toga AW, Pike GB, Neto PR, Evans A, Zhang J, Huang H, Miller MI, van Zijl P, Mazziotta J (2008) Stereotaxic white matter atlas based on diffusion tensor imaging in an ICBM template. Neuroimage 40:570–582PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. O'Toole TP, Conde-Martel A, Gibbon JL, Hanusa BH, Freyder PJ, Fine MJ (2004) Substance-abusing urban homeless in the late 1990s: how do they differ from non-substance-abusing homeless persons? J Urban Health 81:606–617PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Ohi K, Matsuda Y, Shimada T, Yasuyama T, Oshima K, Sawai K, Kihara H, Nitta Y, Okubo H, Uehara T, Kawasaki Y (2016) Structural alterations of the superior temporal gyrus in schizophrenia: detailed subregional differences. Eur Psychiatry 35:25–31PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Panenka WJ, Khorram B, Barr AM, Smith GN, Lang DJ, Kopala LC, Vandorpe RA, Honer WG (2007) A longitudinal study on the effects of typical versus atypical antipsychotic drugs on hippocampal volume in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 94:288–292PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Panenka WJ, Procyshyn RM, Lecomte T, MacEwan GW, Flynn SW, Honer WG, Barr AM (2013) Methamphetamine use: a comprehensive review of molecular, preclinical and clinical findings. Drug Alcohol Depend 129:167–179PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Potvin S, Sepehry AA, Stip E (2006) A meta-analysis of negative symptoms in dual diagnosis schizophrenia. Psychol Med 36:431–440PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Ratnanather JT, Cebron S, Ceyhan E, Postell E, Pisano DV, Poynton CB, Crocker B, Honeycutt NA, Mahon PB, Barta PE (2014) Morphometric differences in planum temporale in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder revealed by statistical analysis of labeled cortical depth maps. Front Psychiatry 5:94PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Sara GE, Burgess PM, Malhi GS, Whiteford HA, Hall WC (2014) Stimulant and other substance use disorders in schizophrenia: prevalence, correlates and impacts in a population sample. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 48:1036–1047PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Serpa MH, Doshi J, Erus G, Chaim-Avancini TM, Cavallet M, van de Bilt MT, Sallet PC, Gattaz WF, Davatzikos C, Busatto GF, Zanetti MV (2017) State-dependent microstructural white matter changes in drug-naive patients with first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med 47:2613–2627PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Shelly J, Uhlmann A, Sinclair H, Howells FM, Sibeko G, Wilson D, Stein DJ, Temmingh H (2016) First-rank symptoms in methamphetamine psychosis and schizophrenia. Psychopathology 49:429–435PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Sled JG, Zijdenbos AP, Evan AC (1998) A nonparametric method for automatic correction of intensity non-uniformity in MRI data. IEEE Trans Med Image 17:87–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Johansen-Berg H, Rueckert D, Nichols TE, Mackay CE, Watkins KE, Ciccarelli O, Cader MZ, Matthews PM, Behrens TE (2006) Tract-based spatial statistics: voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data. Neuroimage 31:1487–1505PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Sobell LC, Brown J, Leo GI, Sobell MB (1996) The reliability of the Alcohol Timeline Followback when administered by telephone and by computer. Drug Alcohol Depend 42:49–54PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Song SK, Sun SW, Ju WK, Lin SJ, Cross AH, Neufeld AH (2003) Diffusion tensor imaging detects and differentiates axon and myelin degeneration in mouse optic nerve after retinal ischemia. Neuroimage 20:1714–1722PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Tang VM, Lang DJ, Giesbrecht CJ, Panenka WJ, Willi T, Procyshyn RM, Vila-Rodriguez F, Jenkins W, Lecomte T, Boyda HN, Aleksic A, MacEwan GW, Honer WG, Barr AM (2015) White matter deficits assessed by diffusion tensor imaging and cognitive dysfunction in psychostimulant users with comorbid human immunodeficiency virus infection. BMC Res Notes 8:515PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. Tobias MC, O'Neill J, Hudkins M, Bartzokis G, Dean AC, London ED (2010) White-matter abnormalities in brain during early abstinence from methamphetamine abuse. Psychopharmacology 209:13–24PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. Uhlmann A, Fouche JP, Lederer K, Meintjes EM, Wilson D, Stein DJ (2016) White matter microstructure and impulsivity in methamphetamine dependence with and without a history of psychosis. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2055–2067PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. Ujike H (2002) Stimulant-induced psychosis and schizophrenia: the role of sensitization. Curr Psychiatry Rep 4:177–184PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. van Son D, Wiers RW, Catena A, Perez-Garcia M, Verdejo-Garcia A (2016) White matter disruptions in male cocaine polysubstance users: associations with severity of drug use and duration of abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend 168:247–254PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Vila-Rodriguez F, Panenka WJ, Lang DJ, Thornton AE, Vertinsky T, Wong H, Barr AM, Procyshyn RM, Sidhu JJ, Smith GN, Buchanan T, Krajden M, Krausz M, Montaner JS, Macewan GW, Honer WG (2013) The hotel study: multimorbidity in a community sample living in marginal housing. Am J Psychiatry 170:1413–1422PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. Vita A, De Peri L, Deste G, Sacchetti E (2012) Progressive loss of cortical gray matter in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of longitudinal MRI studies. Transl Psychiatry 2:e190PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. Vuletic D, Dupont P, Robertson F, Warwick J, Zeevaart JR, Stein DJ (2018) Methamphetamine dependence with and without psychotic symptoms: a multi-modal brain imaging study. NeuroImage Clin 20:1157–1162PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Wang LJ, Lin SK, Chen YC, Huang MC, Chen TT, Ree SC, Chen CK (2016) Differences in clinical features of methamphetamine users with persistent psychosis and patients with schizophrenia. Psychopathology 49:108–115PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. Wearne TA, Cornish JL (2018) A comparison of methamphetamine-induced psychosis and schizophrenia: a review of positive, negative, and cognitive symptomatology. Front Psychiatry 9:491PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. Whitford TJ, Grieve SM, Farrow TF, Gomes L, Brennan J, Harris AW, Gordon E, Williams LM (2006) Progressive grey matter atrophy over the first 2-3 years of illness in first-episode schizophrenia: a tensor-based morphometry study. Neuroimage 32:511–519PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. Willi TS, Barr AM, Gicas K, Lang DJ, Vila-Rodriguez F, Su W, Thornton AE, Leonova O, Giesbrecht CJ, Procyshyn RM, Rauscher A, MacEwan WG, Honer WG, Panenka WJ (2017) Characterization of white matter integrity deficits in cocaine-dependent individuals with substance-induced psychosis compared with non-psychotic cocaine users. Addict Biol 22:873–881PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Willi TS, Honer WG, Thornton AE, Gicas K, Procyshyn RM, Vila-Rodriguez F, Panenka WJ, Aleksic A, Leonova O, Jones AA, MacEwan GW, Barr AM (2016a) Factors affecting severity of positive and negative symptoms of psychosis in a polysubstance using population with psychostimulant dependence. Psychiatry Res 240:336–342PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  76. Willi TS, Lang DJ, Honer WG, Smith GN, Thornton AE, Panenka WJ, Procyshyn RM, Vila-Rodriguez F, Su W, Vertinsky AT, Leonova O, Rauscher A, MacEwan GW, Barr AM (2016b) Subcortical grey matter alterations in cocaine dependent individuals with substance-induced psychosis compared to non-psychotic cocaine users. Schizophr Res 176:158–163PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. Wilson C, Smith ME, Thompson E, Demro C, Kline E, Bussell K, Pitts SC, DeVylder J, Reeves G, Schiffman J (2016) Context matters: the impact of neighborhood crime and paranoid symptoms on psychosis risk assessment. Schizophr Res 171:56–61PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. Wilson L, Szigeti A, Kearney A, Clarke M (2017) Clinical characteristics of primary psychotic disorders with concurrent substance abuse and substance-induced psychotic disorders: a systematic review. Schizophr ResGoogle Scholar
  79. Wollman SC, Alhassoon OM, Stern MJ, Hall MG, Rompogren J, Kimmel CL, Perez-Figueroa AM (2015) White matter abnormalities in long-term heroin users: a preliminary neuroimaging meta-analysis. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 41:133–138PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. Xiao Y, Sun H, Shi S, Jiang D, Tao B, Zhao Y, Zhang W, Gong Q, Sweeney JA, Lui S (2018) White matter abnormalities in never-treated patients with long-term schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 175(11):1129–1136 appiajp201817121402PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  81. Zhang S, Hu Q, Tang T, Liu C, Li C, Zang YY, Cai WX (2018) Changes in gray matter density, regional homogeneity, and functional connectivity in methamphetamine-associated psychosis: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Med Sci Monit 24:4020–4030PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019

Authors and Affiliations

  • Peter D. Alexander
    • 1
  • Kristina M. Gicas
    • 2
  • Alex Cheng
    • 2
  • Donna J. Lang
    • 3
  • Ric M. Procyshyn
    • 2
  • Alexandra T. Vertinsky
    • 3
  • William J. Panenka
    • 2
  • Allen E. Thornton
    • 4
  • Alexander Rauscher
    • 3
  • Jamie Y. X. Wong
    • 2
  • Tasha Chan
    • 2
  • Andrea A. Jones
    • 2
  • F. Vila-Rodriguez
    • 2
  • William G. Honer
    • 2
  • Alasdair M. Barr
    • 1
    Email author
  1. 1.Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & TherapeuticsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
  2. 2.Department of PsychiatryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
  3. 3.Department of RadiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
  4. 4.Department of PsychologySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyCanada

Personalised recommendations

Cite article

Buy options