Abstract
The effects of the tachykinin NK2 receptor agonist LMN-NKA ([Lys5,MeLeu9,Nle10]-NKA(4-10)) on colorectal and arterial blood pressure were examined in anesthetized macaques. Intravenous (IV) administration of 1–100 μg/kg caused dose-related increases in colorectal pressure up to 120 mmHg above baseline, and area under the curve (AUC) up to 24,987 mmHg*s. This was accompanied at all doses by transient hypotension, with up to 26% reduction in mean arterial pressure (MAP) from baseline. Hypotension, but not the increase in colorectal pressure, was inhibited by a 10-min pretreatment with the NK1 receptor antagonist CP-99,994. In a pilot experiment using subcutaneous (SC) injection, a similar dose range of LMN-NKA (3–100 μg/kg) again appeared to increase colorectal pressure with a similar AUC (up to 18,546 mmHg*s) to that seen after IV injection, but lower peak amplitude (up to 49 mmHg). Unlike the effects of IV injection, hypotension was only present after the highest SC dose (100 μg/kg) in one of two animals. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed markedly lower plasma exposures after SC compared with IV administration. Cmax was 39.6 versus 1070 ng/mL, and AUCinf was 627 versus 2090 ng/mL*min, respectively. These findings are consistent with previous observations in anesthetized dogs and indicate that the prokinetic effects of LMN-NKA may be achieved without hypotension using a route of administration that avoids unnecessarily high plasma exposures.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brahim JS, Thut PD (1984) Hemodynamic changes in dogs during isoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Prog 31:207–212
Burcher E, Shang F, Warner FJ, Du Q, Lubowski DZ, King DW, Liu L (2008) Tachykinin NK2 receptor and functional mechanisms in human colon: changes with indomethacin and in diverticular disease and ulcerative colitis. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 324:170–178
Evans TW, Dixon CM, Clarke B, Conradson TB, Barnes PJ (1988) Comparison of neurokinin A and substance P on cardiovascular and airway function in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol 25:273–275
Hastrup H, Schwartz TW (1996) Septide and neurokinin A are high-affinity ligands on the NK-1 receptor: evidence from homologous versus heterologous binding analysis. FEBS Lett 399:264–266
Henderson LS, Tenero DM, Baidoo CA, Campanile AM, Harter AH, Boyle D, Danoff TM (2006) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of controlled-release carvedilol and immediate-release carvedilol at steady state in patients with hypertension. Am J Cardiol 98:17L–26L
Hikasa Y, Ohe N, Takase K, Ogasawara S (1997) Cardiopulmonary effects of sevoflurane in cats: comparison with isoflurane, halothane, and enflurane. Res Vet Sci 63:205–210
van Koeveringe GA, Vahabi B, Andersson KE, Kirschner-Herrmans R, Oelke M (2011) Detrusor underactivity: a plea for new approaches to a common bladder dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn 30:723–728
Kullmann FA, Katofiasc M, Thor KB, Marson L (2017) Pharmacodynamic evaluation of Lys5,MeLeu9, Nle10-NKA(4-10) prokinetic effects on bladder and colon activity in acute spinal cord transected and spinally intact rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 390:163–173
Lordal M, Theodorsson E, Hellstrom PM (1997) Tachykinins influence interdigestive rhythm and contractile strength of human small intestine. Dig Dis Sci 42:1940–1949
Lordal M, Navalesi G, Theodorsson E, Maggi CA, Hellstrom PM (2001) A novel tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist prevents motility-stimulating effects of neurokinin A in small intestine. Br J Pharmacol 134:215–223
Maggi CA, Meli C (1986) Suitability of urethane anesthesia for physiopharmacological investigations in various systems. Part 2: cardiovascular system. Experientia 42:292–297
Marson L, Thor KB, Katofiasc M, Rupniak NMJ (2018) Prokinetic effects of NK2 receptor agonists on the bladder and rectum of rats with acute spinal cord transection. Eur J Pharmacol 819:261–269
Rupniak NMJ, Katofiasc M, Marson L, Thor KB (2018a) NK2 and NK1 receptor mediated effects of NKA and analogs on colon, bladder, and arterial pressure in anesthetized dogs. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 391:299–308
Rupniak NMJ, Katofiasc M, Walz A, Thor KB, Burgard EC (2018b) [Lys5,MeLeu9,Nle10]-NKA(4–10) elicits NK2 receptor mediated micturition and defecation, and NK1 receptor mediated emesis and hypotension, in conscious dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 118:248765. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.118.248765
Sagan S, Chassaing G, Pradier L, Lavielle S (1996) Tachykinin peptides affect differently the second messenger pathways after binding to CHO-expressed human NK-1 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 276:1039–1048
Schmidt PT, Lordal M, Gazelius B, Hellstrom PM (2003) Tachykinins potently stimulate human small bowel blood flow: a laser Doppler flowmetry study in humans. Gut 52:53–56
Torrens Y, Beaujouan JC, Saffroy M, Glowinski J (2000) Further evidence for the presence of "septide-sensitive" tachykinin binding sites in tissues possessing solely NK(1) tachykinin receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 270:668–772
Trim CM, Braun C (2011) Anesthetic agents and complications in Vietnamese potbellied pigs: 27 cases (1999-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 239:114–121
Warner FJ, Comis A, Miller RC, Burcher E (1999) Characterization of the [125I]-neurokinin A binding site in the circular muscle of human colon. Br J Pharmacol 127:1105–1110
Warner FJ, Miller RC, Burcher E (2003) Human tachykinin NK2 receptor: a comparative study of the colon and urinary bladder. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 30:632–639
Acknowledgements
We thank the Wake Forest Innovations and Calvert Laboratories for their assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
KBT, ECB, and MK conceived and designed research. MK conducted experiments. MK and EB analyzed data. NMJR and KBT wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors NMJR, MK, KBT, and ECB are employed by, and have equity ownership in, Dignify Therapeutics LLC.
Ethical approval
All applicable international, national, and institutional guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals were followed. All procedures performed on animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Wake Forest Innovations and Calvert Laboratories animal care and use committees and followed the NIH guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. This article does not contain any studies with human participants.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rupniak, N.M.J., Katofiasc, M., Burgard, E.C. et al. Colorectal and cardiovascular effects of [Lys5,MeLeu9,Nle10]-NKA(4-10) in anesthetized macaques. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 391, 907–914 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-018-1520-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-018-1520-6