Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology

, Volume 388, Issue 3, pp 363–380 | Cite as

Modulation of GPCRs by monovalent cations and anions

  • Andrea Strasser
  • Hans-Joachim Wittmann
  • Erich H. Schneider
  • Roland Seifert
Review
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

The recent resolution of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structures in complex with Na+ bound to an allosteric modulatory site has renewed interest of the regulation of GPCRs by ions. Here, we summarise key data on ion modulation of GPCRs, obtained in pharmacological, crystallographic, mutagenesis and molecular modelling studies. We show that ion modulation is a highly complex process, involving not only cations but also, rather neglected until now, anions. Pharmacotherapeutic and toxicological aspects are discussed. We provide a mathematical framework for the analysis of ion effects. Finally, we discuss open questions in the field and future research directions. Most importantly, the in vivo relevance of the modulation of GPCR function by monovalent ions must be clarified.

Keywords

GPCR Monovalent cations Monovalent anions Modelling Pharmacology 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the collaboration with Dr. D. Schnell, in the hH3R project. This work was supported by grants of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (GRK 1910, GRK 1441, SFB 587) and the European Union (COST programme BM0806 (H4R network)).

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  • Andrea Strasser
    • 1
  • Hans-Joachim Wittmann
    • 2
  • Erich H. Schneider
    • 3
  • Roland Seifert
    • 3
  1. 1.Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry IIUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
  2. 2.Faculty of Chemistry/PharmacyUniversity of RegensburgRegensburgGermany
  3. 3.Institute of PharmacologyMedical School of HannoverHannoverGermany

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