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Profiles of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in Japanese men and women: association with biological, environmental, and nutritional factors and coexisting disorders: the ROAD study

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Abstract

Summary

Assessments of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in 1,683 Japanese from a population-based cohort revealed prevalences of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were 81.3 and 1.2 %, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was significantly associated with female sex, examined month, current smoking, lack of regular walking, higher intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and poor daily vitamin D intake.

Introduction

To clarify the characteristics of subjects with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency among men and women in the general Japanese population.

Methods

We initiated research on osteoarthritis/osteoporosis against disability (ROAD), a large-scale population-based cohort study, in 2005–2007. Blood examination was performed to measure serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) and iPTH levels and biochemical markers of bone turnover in 1,683 participants (595 men, 1,088 women). Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire, measurements of bone mineral density, and x-ray examination. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency were defined by serum 25D levels <10 and ≥10 but <30 ng/mL, respectively.

Results

The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was 81.3 and 1.2 %, respectively. Multinominal logistic regression analyses using potentially confounding variables revealed vitamin D insufficiency was significantly associated with age (+1 year, relative risk ratio, 0.98; 95 % confidence interval, 0.96–0.99), gender (women vs. men, 2.28; 1.59–3.30), residing areas (coastal area vs. mountainous area, 0.58; 0.41–0.81), examined month (October, November, December vs. January, 0.51; 0.34–0.76), and serum levels of iPTH (+1 pg/mL, 1.02; 1.01–1.03). Vitamin D deficiency was significantly characterised by female sex (20.5; 3.1–136.7), examined month (0.28; 0.09–0.95), current smoking habit (6.39; 1.78–23.0), lack of regular outside walking (3.96; 1.34–11.7), higher iPTH (1.02; 1.01–1.03) and poor daily vitamin D intake (+10 μg/day, 0.48; 0.24–0.93).

Conclusions

A high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and a low prevalence of vitamin D deficiency were found in Japanese men and women, and the characteristics of vitamin D status were clarified.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research B23390172 and B20390182 to NY, C20591737 to TA, and C20591774 to SM, for Young Scientists A18689031 to HO, and Collaborating Research with NSF 08033011–00262 (Director, NY) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; and H17-Men-eki-009 (Director, KN), H18-Choujyu-037 (Director, TN), H20-Choujyu-009 (Director, NY), and H23-Chojyu-002 (Director, TA) from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan. This study was also supported by grants from the Japan Osteoporosis Society (NY, SM, HO, and TA), and research aid from the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA-Subsidised Science Project Research 2006–1 and 2010–2, Director, HK). The authors wish to thank Dr. Takako Nojiri and Mr. Kazuhiro Hatanaka of the Gobo Public Health Centre; Dr. Naoki Hirabayashi of the Kawakami Clinic, Hidakagawa Town; Mrs. Tomoko Takijiri, Mrs. Kumiko Shinou, Mrs. Rie Takiguchi, Mrs. Kyoko Maeda, Ms. Ikuyo Ueyama, Mrs. Michiko Mori, Mrs. Hisayo Sugimoto, and other members of the public office in Hidakagawa Town; Dr. Shinji Matsuda of the Shingu Public Health Centre; and Mrs. Tamako Tsutsumi, Mrs. Kanami Maeda, Mr. Shoichi Shimoichi, Mrs. Megumi Takino, Mrs. Shuko Okada, Mrs. Kazuyo Setoh, Mrs. Chise Ryouno, Mrs. Miki Shimosaki, Mrs. Chika Yamaguchi, Mrs. Yuki Shimoji, and other members of the public office in Taiji Town for their assistance in locating and scheduling participants for examinations. We also thank Ms. Kyoko Yoshimura, Mrs. Toki Sakurai, and Mrs. Saeko Sahara for their assistance with data reduction and administration.

Conflicts of interest

None.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Joint Disease Research, 22nd Century Medical and Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan

    N. Yoshimura & H. Oka

  2. Department of Clinical Motor System Medicine, 22nd Century Medical and Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8655, Japan

    S. Muraki & T. Akune

  3. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan

    M. Morita & H. Yamada

  4. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan

    S. Tanaka & H. Kawaguchi

  5. Rehabilitation Services Bureau, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 1, Namiki 4-chome, Tokorozawa City, Saitama Prefecture, 359-8555, Japan

    K. Nakamura

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  1. N. Yoshimura
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Correspondence to N. Yoshimura.

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Yoshimura, N., Muraki, S., Oka, H. et al. Profiles of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in Japanese men and women: association with biological, environmental, and nutritional factors and coexisting disorders: the ROAD study. Osteoporos Int 24, 2775–2787 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-013-2372-z

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