Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

, Volume 50, Issue 12, pp 1893–1904 | Cite as

The role of allelic variation in estrogen receptor genes and major depression in the Nurses Health Study

  • K. Keyes
  • J. Agnew-Blais
  • A. L. Roberts
  • A. Hamilton
  • I. De Vivo
  • H. Ranu
  • K. Koenen
Original Paper
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Purpose

The role of exogenous and endogenous sex hormones in the etiology of depression remains elusive, in part because sex hormone variation is often correlated with behaviors, life stage changes, and other factors that may influence depression. Estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and beta (ESR2) are known to regulate gene expression and estrogen response in areas of the brain associated with major depression and are unlikely to be correlated with exogenous factors that may influence depression.

Methods

We examined whether functional polymorphisms in these genes are associated with lifetime major depression and chronic major depression among a sample of women from the Nurses’ Health Study II (N = 2527). DSM-IV depressive disorder symptoms were assessed by structured interview in 2007. Genotyping was performed on DNA extracted from blood using Taq-man.

Results

Women with the AA alleles of ESR2 RS4986938 had the higher prevalence of lifetime major depression than women with other allele frequencies (36.7 % for those with AA versus 28.5 % with GA and 29.1 % with GG, p = 0.02) and chronic major depression (14.7 % for those with AA versus 9.3 % with GA and 9.1 % with GG, p = 0.01). History of post-menopausal hormone (PMH) use modified the association of ESR1 polymorphism RS2234693 with any lifetime depression; specifically, those with the TT allele had the highest risk of lifetime depression among PMH users, and the lowest risk of depression among non-PMH users (p value for interaction = 0.02). Further, carriers of the AA alleles in ESR1 polymorphism RS9340799 had increased prevalence of lifetime major depression only among lifetime PMH users (p = 0.007).

Conclusions

Our findings support the hypothesis that estrogen receptor polymorphisms influence risk for major depression; the role of estrogen receptors and other sex steroid-related genetic factors may provide unique insights into etiology.

Keywords

Estrogen Depression Nurses Estrogen receptor alpha Estrogen receptor beta Hormones Post-menopausal hormone use 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

KM Keyes is supported by NH AA021511. AL Roberts is supported by NIH MH078928 and MH093612. J Agnew-Blais is supported by NIMH T32MH017119. KC Koenen is supported by NIH MH078928 and MH093612. The Nurses’ Health Study II is funded in part by NIH CA50385. We acknowledge the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School for its management of The Nurses’ Health Study II. We thank Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center in Boston, MA, for the use of the Molecular Epidemiology Core, which provided TaqMan and DNA extraction services. Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center is supported in part by an NCI Cancer Center Support Grant # NIH 5 P30 CA06516.

Conflict of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Supplementary material

127_2015_1087_MOESM1_ESM.docx (135 kb)
Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 134 kb)

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Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  • K. Keyes
    • 1
  • J. Agnew-Blais
    • 2
  • A. L. Roberts
    • 3
  • A. Hamilton
    • 1
  • I. De Vivo
    • 2
  • H. Ranu
    • 4
  • K. Koenen
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of EpidemiologyColumbia University, Mailman School of Public HealthNew YorkUSA
  2. 2.Department of EpidemiologyHarvard UniversityBostonUSA
  3. 3.Department of Social and Behavioral SciencesHarvard UniversityBostonUSA
  4. 4.Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthHarvard UniversityBostonUSA

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