Theoretical and Applied Genetics

, Volume 121, Issue 6, pp 1117–1131 | Cite as

A survey of EMS-induced biennial Beta vulgaris mutants reveals a novel bolting locus which is unlinked to the bolting gene B

  • Bianca Büttner
  • Salah F. Abou-Elwafa
  • Wenying Zhang
  • Christian Jung
  • Andreas E. Müller
Original Paper
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Beta vulgaris is a facultative perennial species which exhibits large intraspecific variation in vernalization requirement and includes cultivated biennial forms such as the sugar beet. Vernalization requirement is under the genetic control of the bolting locus B on chromosome II. Previously, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of an annual accession had yielded several mutants which require vernalization to bolt and behave as biennials. Here, five F2 populations derived from crosses between biennial mutants and annual beets were tested for co-segregation of bolting phenotypes with genotypic markers located at the B locus. One mutant appears to be mutated at the B locus, suggesting that an EMS-induced mutation of B can be sufficient to abolish annual bolting. Co-segregation analysis in four populations indicates that the genetic control of bolting also involves previously unknown major loci not linked to B, one of which also affects bolting time and was genetically mapped to chromosome IX.

Keywords

Sugar Beet Vernalization Requirement Mutant Parent Mutant Family Annual Parent 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgments

The project was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under grant no. DFG JU 205/14-1. S. F. Abou-Elwafa is supported by a scholarship from the Ministry of Higher Education, Egypt. We thank Uwe Hohmann for propagation of mutants, Gretel Schulze-Buxloh for marker sequence information, Monika Bruisch and Erwin Danklefsen for technical assistance in the field and greenhouse, and Martina Bach and Monika Dietrich for technical assistance in the laboratory.

Supplementary material

122_2010_1376_MOESM1_ESM.doc (40 kb)
Supplementary material 1 (DOC 39 kb)
122_2010_1376_MOESM2_ESM.xls (36 kb)
Supplementary material 2 (XLS 36 kb)
122_2010_1376_MOESM3_ESM.xls (74 kb)
Supplementary material 3 (XLS 74 kb)
122_2010_1376_MOESM4_ESM.ppt (119 kb)
Supplementary material 4 (PPT 119 kb)

References

  1. Abe J, Guan GP, Shimamoto Y (1997) A gene complex for annual habit in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Euphytica 94:129–135CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Abegg FA (1936) A genetic factor for the annual habit in beets and linkage relationship. J Agric Res 53:493–511Google Scholar
  3. Alonso-Blanco C, Aarts MGM, Bentsink L, Keurentjes JJB, Reymond M, Vreugdenhil D, Koornneef M (2009) What has natural variation taught us about plant development, physiology, and adaptation? Plant Cell 21:1877–1896CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Bot J Linn Soc 161:105–121CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Barzen E, Mechelke W, Ritter E, Seitzer JF, Salamini F (1992) RFLP markers for sugar beet breeding: chromosomal linkage maps and location of major genes for rhizomania resistance, monogermy and hypocotyl colour. Plant J 2:601–611CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Bäurle I, Dean C (2006) The timing of developmental transitions in plants. Cell 125:655–664CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Boudry P, Wieber R, Saumitou-Laprade P, Pillen K, Van Dijk H, Jung C (1994) Identification of RFLP markers closely linked to the bolting gene B and their significance for the study of the annual habit in beets (Beta vulgaris L.). Theor Appl Genet 88:852–858CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Boudry P, McCombie H, Van Dijk H (2002) Vernalization requirement of wild beet Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima: among population variation and its adaptive significance. J Ecol 90:693–703CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Butterfass T (1968) Die Zuordnung des Locus R der Zuckerrübe (Hypokotylfarbe) zum Chromosom II. Theor Appl Genet 38:348–350CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Caicedo AL, Stinchcombe JR, Olsen KM, Schmitt J, Purugganan MD (2004) Epistatic interaction between Arabidopsis FRI and FLC flowering time genes generates a latitudinal cline in a life history trait. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:15670–15675CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Chia TYP, Muller A, Jung C, Mutasa-Gottgens ES (2008) Sugar beet contains a large CONSTANS-LIKE gene family including a CO homologue that is independent of the early-bolting (B) gene locus. J Exp Bot 59:2735–2748CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Colasanti J, Coneva V (2009) Mechanisms of floral induction in grasses: something borrowed, something new. Plant Physiol 149:56–62CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  13. Curth P (1960) Der Übergang in die reproduktive Phase der Zuckerrübe in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Umweltfaktoren. Deutsch Akademie Landwirtschaftswissenschaften zu Berlin, pp 7–80Google Scholar
  14. Davies TJ, Barraclough TG, Chase MW, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Savolainen V (2004) Darwin’s abominable mystery: insights from a supertree of the angiosperms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:1904–1909CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Distelfeld A, Dubcovsky J (2010) Characterization of the maintained vegetative phase deletions from diploid wheat and their effect on VRN2 and FT transcript levels. Mol Genet Genomics 283(3):223–232CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Distelfeld A, Li C, Dubcovsky J (2009) Regulation of flowering in temperate cereals. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12:178–184CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. El-Mezawy A, Dreyer F, Jacobs G, Jung C (2002) High-resolution mapping of the bolting gene B of sugar beet. Theor Appl Genet 105:100–105CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Gaafar RM, Hohmann U, Jung C (2005) Bacterial artificial chromosome-derived molecular markers for early bolting in sugar beet. Theor Appl Genet 110:1027–1037CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  19. Greenup A, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES, Trevaskis B (2009) The molecular biology of seasonal flowering-responses in Arabidopsis and the cereals. Ann Bot (Lond) (Epub ahead of print) doi: 10.1093/aob/mcp063
  20. Hansen M, Kraft T, Ganestam S, Sall T, Nilsson NO (2001) Linkage disequilibrium mapping of the bolting gene in sea beet using AFLP markers. Genet Res 77:61–66CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  21. Hanson LE, Panella L (2003) Rhizoctonia root rot resistance of Beta PIs from USDA-ARS NPGS, 2003. Biol Cult Tests 19:FC012. doi: 10.1094/BC19
  22. Hautekeete NC, Piquot Y, Van Dijk H (2002) Life span in Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima: the effects of age at first reproduction and disturbance. J Ecol 90:508–516CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. He YH, Amasino RM (2005) Role of chromatin modification in flowering-time control. Trends Plant Sci 10:30–35CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Hohmann U, Jacobs G, Jung C (2005) An EMS mutagenesis protocol for sugar beet and isolation of non-bolting mutants. Plant Breed 124:317–321CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Jung C, Müller AE (2009) Flowering time control and applications in plant breeding. Trends Plant Sci 14:563–573CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  26. Koornneef M, Hanhart CJ, Veen JH (1991) A genetic and physiological analysis of late flowering mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Gen Genet 229:57–66CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. Koornneef M, Alonso-Blanco C, Peeters AJM, Soppe W (1998a) Genetic control of flowering time in Arabidopsis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 49:345–370CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Koornneef M, Alonso-Blanco C, Blankestijn-de Vries H, Hanhart CJ, Peeters AJM (1998b) Genetic interactions among late-flowering mutants of Arabidopsis. Genetics 148:885–892PubMedGoogle Scholar
  29. Kosambi DD (1944) The estimation of map distances from recombination values. Ann Eugen 12:172–175Google Scholar
  30. Laurent V, Devaux P, Thiel T, Viard F, Mielordt S, Touzet P, Quillet M (2007) Comparative effectiveness of sugar beet microsatellite markers isolated from genomic libraries and GenBank ESTs to map the sugar beet genome. Theor Appl Genet 115:793–805Google Scholar
  31. Letschert JPW (1993) Beta section Beta: biogeographical patterns of variation and taxonomy. Wageningen Agric Univ Papers 93:1–154Google Scholar
  32. Lexander K (1980) Present knowledge on sugar beet bolting mechanisms. In: Proc Int Inst Sugar Beet Res 43rd Winter Congress, pp 245–258Google Scholar
  33. Li CX, Dubcovsky J (2008) Wheat FT protein regulates VRN1 transcription through interactions with FDL2. Plant J 55:543–554CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Martinez-Zapater JM, Somerville CR (1990) Effect of light quality and vernalization on late-flowering mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 92:770–776CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  35. McGrath JM, Trebbi D, Fenwick A, Panella L, Schulz B, Laurent V, Barnes S, Murray SC (2007) An open-source first-generation molecular genetic map from a Sugarbeet × Table Beet cross and its extension to physical mapping. Crop Sci 47:27–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Meier U (2001) Growth stages of mono-and dicotyledonous plants. Phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of beet, 2nd edn. Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, GermanyGoogle Scholar
  37. Michaels SD (2009) Flowering time regulation produces much fruit. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12:75–80CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  38. Moon J, Lee H, Kim M, Lee I (2005) Analysis of flowering pathway integrators in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol 46:292–299CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Munerati O (1931) L’eredità della tendenza alla annualità nella commune barbabietola, coltivata, Ztschr Züchtung, Reihe A. Pflanzenzüchtung 17:84–89Google Scholar
  40. Nilsson O, Lee I, Blazquez MA, Weigel D (1998) Flowering-time genes modulate the response to LEAFY activity. Genetics 150:403–410PubMedGoogle Scholar
  41. Owen FW (1954) The significance of single gene reactions in sugar beets. Proc Am Soc Sugar Beet Technol 8:392–398Google Scholar
  42. Owen FW, Carsner E, Stout M (1940) Photothermal induction of flowering in sugar beets. J Agric Res 61:101–124Google Scholar
  43. Putterill J, Laurie R, Macknight R (2004) It’s time to flower: the genetic control of flowering time. Bioessays 26:363–373CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  44. Reeves PA, He Y, Schmitz RJ, Amasino RM, Panella LW, Richards C (2007) Evolutionary conservation of the FLC mediated vernalization response: evidence from the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Genetics 176:295–307CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  45. Schneider K, Kulosa D, Soerensen T, Möhring S, Heine M, Durstewitz G, Polley A, Weber E, Jamsari J, Lein J, Hohmann U, Tahiro E, Weisshaar B, Schulz B, Koch G, Jung C, Ganal M (2007) Analysis of DNA polymorphisms in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and development of an SNP-based map of expressed genes. Theor Appl Genet 115:601–615CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. Stout M (1945) Translocation of the reproductive stimulus in sugar beet. Bot Gaz 107:86–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Trevaskis B, Hemming MN, Dennis ES, Peacock WJ (2007) The molecular basis of vernalization-induced flowering in cereals. Trends Plant Sci 12:352–357CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. Turck F, Fornara F, Coupland G (2008) Regulation and identity of Florigen: FLOWERING LOCUS T moves center stage. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:573–594CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  49. Utz HF, Melchinger AE (1996) PLABQTL: a program for composite interval mapping of QTL. J Quant Trait Loci 2:1–5Google Scholar
  50. Van Dijk H, Boudry P (1991) Genetic variation for life histories in Beta maritima. Int Board Plant Genet Resour 7:44–55Google Scholar
  51. Van Dijk H, Boudry P, McCombre H, Vernet P (1997) Flowering time in wild beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) along a latitudinal cline. Acta Oecol 18:47–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Van Ooijen JW, Voorrips RE (2001) JoinMap® 3.0. Software for the calculation of genetic linkage maps. Plant Research International, Wageningen, The NetherlandsGoogle Scholar
  53. Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, Reijans M, Lee Tvd, Hornes M, Friters A, Pot J, Paleman J, Kuiper M, Zabeau M (1995) AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Res 23:4407–4414CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. Wang R, Farrona S, Vincent C, Joecker A, Schoof H, Turck F, Alonso-Blanco C, Coupland G, Albani MC (2009) PEP1 regulates perennial flowering in Arabis alpina. Nature 459:423–427CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. Yan L, Loukoianov A, Tranquilli G, Helguera M, Fahima T, Dubcovsky J (2003) Positional cloning of the wheat vernalization gene VRN1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:6263–6268CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. Yan L, Helguera M, Kato K, Fukuyama S, Sherman J, Dubcovsky J (2004) Allelic variation at the VRN-1 promoter region in polyploid wheat. Theor Appl Genet 109:1677–1686CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. Yan L, Fu D, Li C, Blechl A, Tranquilli G, Bonafede M, Sanchez A, Valarik M, Yasuda S, Dubcovsky J (2006) The wheat and barley vernalization gene VRN3 is an orthologue of FT. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:19581–19586CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. Zeevaart JA (2008) Leaf-produced floral signals. Curr Opin Plant Biol 11:541–547CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag 2010

Authors and Affiliations

  • Bianca Büttner
    • 1
  • Salah F. Abou-Elwafa
    • 1
  • Wenying Zhang
    • 1
    • 2
  • Christian Jung
    • 1
  • Andreas E. Müller
    • 1
  1. 1.Plant Breeding InstituteChristian-Albrechts-University of KielKielGermany
  2. 2.Agricultural CollegeYangtze UniversityJingzhouPeople’s Republic of China

Personalised recommendations