Abstract
Early endosymbiotic interactions are recorded only from a Cretaceous termite and a cockroach. Mesoblatta maxi Hinkelman, gen. et sp. nov. is the second representative of the dominant, cosmopolitan Mesozoic family Mesoblattinidae known from Cenomanian northern Myanmar amber, and the fourteenth from both amber and sedimentary rocks. Unique characters are rare (n = 19), symplesiomorphies are frequent (n = 140), and foremost is a standard maxillary palp, an irregular area between forewing veins radius and media, central ocellus, and multisegmented styli, suggesting an ancestral position with respect to Blattidae. Autapomorphies of this otherwise conservative taxon are only its large size and a short probasitarsus. Two nymphs with fecal pellets protruding from their body, Blattocoprolites mesoblattamaxi Hinkelman, ichogen. et ichnosp. nov., represent the first cockroaches with formalized coprolites (along with Blattocoprolites blattulidae Hinkelman, ichnosp. nov. established herein from Lebanese amber) and provide evidence of burial defecation. Subhomogenic consistency of coprolites with mucous components, “pseudoinclusions,” leaf, trichia, wood debris, cycad pollen, endosymbiotic protists, and epibiotic bacteria directly document pollen transfer through the digestive tract and the earliest coevolution with protists and bacteria. Other post-burial fecal bacteria at the surface are documented for the first time in the Mesozoic, directly indicating structured dung processing. Reference samples (as well as almost all Myanmar amber samples) contain numerous “pseudoinclusions,” probably representing damaged or dead cysts of Chlamydomonas hanublikanus Vršanská et Hinkelman, sp. nov. established on the basis of its reproductive stages (with an origin within the resin inside the tree). These are documented together with green algae, including Spirogyra Nees, 1820; flagellates; and flagellate amoebae, promoting massive future microbiota studies.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Peter Vršanský (ESISAS Bratislava) for advice and Lubomír Vidlička (IZ SAS Bratislava) for support. We also thank anonymous reviewers for their work, advice, and valuable suggestions. We thank Sighard Ellenberger (private, Germany) for collecting specimens, Kamil Fekete (ESISAS Bratislava) for technical help, Peter Vďačný (Comenius University, Bratislava) for preliminary protist determinations, Professor emeritus George Poinar Jr. (Oregon State University, Corvallis) for subsequent determination suggestions, and Professor Bo Wang (NIGPAS Nanjing) for enabling us to study paratypes.
Funding
This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contracts no. APVV-0436-12; VEGA 2/0042/18 and by the UNESCO-Amba/MVTS for supporting grant of Presidium of the Slovak Academy of Sciences.
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L. V. designed, elaborated, and performed microscopic observations. J. H. performed the main research.
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Hinkelman, J., Vršanská, L. A Myanmar amber cockroach with protruding feces contains pollen and a rich microcenosis. Sci Nat 107, 13 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-020-1669-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-020-1669-y