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Inzidentalome der Nebennieren

Diagnostisches und therapeutisches Konzept aus endokrinologischer Sicht

Adrenal incidentaloma

Diagnostic and therapeutic concept from an endocrinological perspective

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An Erratum to this article was published on 08 February 2019

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Zusammenfassung

Inzidentalome der Nebenniere (NN) sind zufällig detektierte NN-Raumforderungen. Die Prävalenz liegt bei etwa 3 % und steigt mit zunehmendem Lebensalter auf ca. 10 %. Neben der Evaluation der Dignität ist die Überprüfung eines Hormonexzesses erforderlich. Etwa 15 % der Inzidentalome sind durch eine Hormonüberproduktion charakterisiert (v. a. primärer Hyperaldosteronismus [Conn-Syndrom], Hyperkortisolismus [Cushing-Syndrom], Phäochromozytom). Das Conn-Syndrom ist die häufigste Ursache einer endokrinen Hypertonie und bedingt durch eine Aldosteronüberproduktion, in der Regel eines unilateralen Adenoms oder einer idiopathischen, häufig bilateralen Hyperplasie. Screeningparameter ist der Aldosteron-Renin-Quotient. Bei erhöhtem Quotient muss ein Bestätigungstest, z. B. Kochsalzinfusionstest, erfolgen. Zur sicheren Seitenlokalisation ist in der Regel ein NN-Venenkatheter erforderlich. Beim Nachweis einer unilateralen Aldosteronüberproduktion wird die Adrenalektomie empfohlen, bei bilateraler Aldosteronüberproduktion die Therapie mit einem Aldosteronantagonisten. Zur Diagnosesicherung eines adrenalen Cushing-Syndroms ist ein Dexamethasonhemmtest und ein supprimierter oder niedrig-normaler ACTH(adrenokortikotropes Hormon)-Spiegel erforderlich. Das seltene Phäochromozytom ist ein katecholaminproduzierender Tumor. Die Diagnostik erfolgt durch die Bestimmung der Metanephrine im Plasma oder 24-Stunden-Urin. Eine Operationsindikation bei unilateraler NN-Raumforderung besteht bei Hormonaktivität und Verdacht auf Malignität. Operation der Wahl bei unilateraler NN-Raumforderung <6 cm und ohne lokale Tumorinvasion ist in der Regel die minimal-invasive Adrenalektomie. Bei unilateralen, eindeutig benignen, hormoninaktiven, kleinen NN-Raumforderungen (<4 cm) ist eine operative Sanierung nicht erforderlich.

Abstract

An adrenal incidentaloma is an adrenal mass detected on imaging that was not performed for suspected adrenal disease. The prevalence is approximately 3% and increases up to 10% in older people. The risk of malignancy and a hormone excess have to be evaluated. Approximately 15% of incidentalomas harbor an overproduction of hormones, in particular primary aldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome), hypercortisolism (Cushing’s syndrome) and pheochromocytoma. Primary aldosteronism is the main cause of endocrine hypertension. It is characterized by an overproduction of aldosterone usually due to a unilateral adenoma or an idiopathic, often bilateral hyperplasia. The aldosterone to renin ratio is an established screening parameter for the diagnosis. If the ratio is elevated a confirmatory test, e. g. saline infusion test, should follow. Usually an adrenal venous catheter has to be used to discriminate between unilateral and bilateral aldosterone overproduction. In the case of unilateral overproduction an adrenalectomy is recommended, otherwise treatment is carried out with an aldosterone antagonist. For the diagnosis of an adrenal Cushing’s syndrome a dexamethasone suppression test and a suppressed or in the lower limit of normal ACTH is required. The rare pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-producing tumor. The diagnosis is carried out by determination of metanephrines in plasma or in 24 h urine samples. Unilateral adrenal tumors leading to clinically significant hormone excess or tumors with suspicion of malignancy should be surgically removed. A minimally invasive adrenalectomy is normally the method of choice in patients with a unilateral adrenal tumor <6 cm and without local tumor invasion. In unilateral, clearly benign, non-functioning, small adrenal tumors (<4 cm) surgery is not required.

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Abb. 1

Change history

  • 08 February 2019

    Erratum zu:

    Chirurg 2018

    https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-018-0739-6

    In Tab. 1 war die Zuordnung des Conn- und Cushing-Syndroms vertauscht. Wir bitten um die Beachtung der korrekt dargestellten …

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Unger, N. Inzidentalome der Nebennieren. Chirurg 90, 3–8 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-018-0739-6

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