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Schlafmangel und Insomnie

Einfluss auf die körperliche und psychische Gesundheit

Lack of sleep and insomnia

Impact on somatic and mental health

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Die Begriffe „Schlafmangel“ und „Insomnie“ sollten nicht synonym verwendet und nicht verwechselt werden. Als Schlafmangel wird eine Verkürzung der üblichen Schlafdauer eines Menschen bezeichnet, die durch äußere Umstände oder motivationale Faktoren bedingt ist. Bei einer Insomnie liegt hingegen eine für die Betroffenen nicht erklärbare und mit einem Leidensdruck verbundene Störung des Schlafs vor, obwohl die äußeren Umstände nicht gegen einen ausreichend langen Schlaf sprechen. Die meisten Studien zum Thema Schlafmangel untersuchten den Zusammenhang zwischen der Schlafdauer sowie körperlicher und psychischer Gesundheit. Die Längsschnittstudien zeigten dabei, dass Menschen mit einer verkürzten Schlafdauer (< 6 Stunden) ein erhöhtes Risiko für das Auftreten eines metabolischen Syndroms und für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen aufweisen. Zudem zeigte sich ein U-förmiger Zusammenhang zwischen der Schlafdauer und Mortalität, das heißt, die Mortalität ist sowohl bei einer verkürzten (< 6 Stunden) als auch bei einer verlängerten Schlafdauer (> 8 Stunden) erhöht. In Bezug auf Insomnien konnten ähnliche, allerdings schwächer ausgeprägte Zusammenhänge gezeigt werden. Zudem sind Insomnien Risikofaktoren für psychische Erkrankungen, insbesondere für Depressionen. Die Befunde legen nahe, dem Thema Schlaf und Schlafstörungen in der ärztlichen Praxis mehr Zeit einzuräumen und diesbezügliche Präventionsmaßnahmen zu stärken.

Abstract

Lack of sleep and insomnia need to be viewed differently. Lack of sleep implies a shortening of the habitual sleep duration due to external circumstances or motivational factors. Insomnia, in contrast, is defined as a sleep disorder due to unknown reasons for the afflicted subjects. People with insomnia suffer from being unable to sleep, in spite of adequate external circumstances. Research on lack of sleep/shortened sleep duration has focused on relationships with somatic and mental health. Longitudinal studies revealed that a shortening of sleep duration (< 6 h) is associated with an increased risk for the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. For sleep duration and mortality, a U-shaped relationship was found, indicating that both shortened (< 6 h) and prolonged sleep durations (> 8 h) are associated with increased mortality. Similar, albeit weaker, correlations were described for insomnia and somatic health. In addition, insomnia is a risk factor for the development of mental disorders, especially depression. These relationships suggest that the area of sleep and sleep disorders should be integrated into everyday medical practice and that preventive approaches to somatic and mental disorders should encompass the topic of sleep to a much stronger extent than currently practiced.

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Danksagung

Aktuelle Forschungsarbeiten von D. Riemann, K. Spiegelhalder und C. Baglioni zum Thema dieses Artikels werden mit EU-Mitteln gefördert (OPTIMI, GAN 248544; Marie Curie IEF, GAN 235231).

Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor weist auf folgende Beziehungen hin: D. Riemann hat im letzten Jahr Mittel zur Durchführung einer „Investigator Initiated Study“ von Sanofi Aventis bekommen. Die beiden anderen Autoren geben keinen Interessenkonflikt an.

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  1. Abteilung für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinik Freiburg, Hauptstr. 5, 79104, Freiburg, Deutschland

    D. Riemann, C. Baglioni & K. Spiegelhalder

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  1. D. Riemann
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  2. C. Baglioni
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  3. K. Spiegelhalder
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Correspondence to D. Riemann.

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Riemann, D., Baglioni, C. & Spiegelhalder, K. Schlafmangel und Insomnie. Bundesgesundheitsbl. 54, 1296–1302 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-011-1378-y

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