Fractional Order Sallen–Key and KHN Filters: Stability and Poles Allocation
Article
First Online:
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
- 368 Downloads
- 36 Citations
Abstract
This paper presents the analysis for allocating the system poles and hence controlling the system stability for KHN and Sallen–Key fractional order filters. The stability analysis and stability contours for two different fractional order transfer functions with two different fractional order elements are presented. The effect of the transfer function parameters on the singularities of the system is demonstrated where the number of poles becomes dependent on the transfer function parameters as well as the fractional orders. Numerical, circuit simulation, and experimental work are used in the design to test the proposed stability contours.
Keywords
Stability, LTI system Fractional-order system Filters Oscillators ControlReferences
- 1.A. Acharya, S. Das, I. Pan, S. Das, Extending the concept of analog butterworth filter for fractional order systems. Signal Process. 94, 409–420 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.R.P. Agarwal, D. O’Regan, Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations: With Special Functions, Fourier Series, and Boundary Value Problems (Springer, New York, 2009)Google Scholar
- 3.R. Alikhani, F. Bahrami, Global solutions for nonlinear fuzzy fractional integral and integrodifferential equations. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 18(8), 2007–2017 (2013)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 4.H. Bateman, A. Erdélyi, W. Magnus, F. Oberhettinger, F.G. Tricomi, Higher Transcendental Functions, vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1953)Google Scholar
- 5.B. Bhattacharyya, W.B. Mikhael, A. Antoniou, Design of rc-active networks using generalized-immittance converters. J. Frankl. Inst. 297(1), 45–58 (1974). doi: 10.1016/0016-0032(74). 90137–9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 6.R. Caponetto, Fractional Order Systems: Modeling and Control Applications, vol. 72 (World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore, 2010)Google Scholar
- 7.S. Das, Application of generalized fractional calculus in electrical circuit analysis, in Functional Fractional Calculus for System Identification and Controls, (Springer, Berlin, 2008), pp. 157–180Google Scholar
- 8.A.S. Elwakil, Fractional-order circuits and systems: an emerging interdisciplinary research area. IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag. 10(4), 40–50 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.P. Fanghella, Fractional-order control of a micrometric linear axis. J. Control Sci. Eng. (2013)Google Scholar
- 10.R.H. Fox, J.W. Milnor et al., Singularities of 2-spheres in 4-space and cobordism of knots. Osaka J. Math. 3(2), 257–267 (1966)MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 11.T.J. Freeborn, B. Maundy, A.S. Elwakil, Field programmable analogue array implementation of fractional step filters. IET Circuits Devices Syst. 4(6), 514–524 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.T.J. Freeborn, B. Maundy, A.S. Elwakil, Fractional step analog filter design, in Analog/RF and Mixed-Signal Circuit Systematic Design, ed. by M. Fakhfakh, E. Tlelo-Cuautle, R. Castro-Lopez. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, vol. 233 (Springer, Berlin, 2013), pp. 243–267Google Scholar
- 13.L. Galeone, R. Garrappa, Explicit methods for fractional differential equations and their stability properties. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 228(2), 548–560 (2009)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 14.L.T. Grujić, Non-lyapunov stability analysis of large-scale systems on time-varying sets. Int. J. Control 21(3), 401–415 (1975). doi: 10.1080/00207177508921999 CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 15.L.T. Grujić, Practical stability with settling time on composite systems. Automatika (Yug), Ljubljana pp. 1–11 (1975)Google Scholar
- 16.H.J. Haubold, A.M. Mathai, R.K. Saxena, Mittag-leffler functions and their applications. J. Appl. Math. 235(5), 1311–1316 (2011)MATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 17.A. Hegazi, E. Ahmed, A. Matouk, On Chaos control and synchronization of the commensurate fractional order liu system. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 18(5), 1193–1202 (2013)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 18.M.S. Hirano, Y. Miura, Y.F. Saito, K. Saito, Simulation of fractal immittance by analog circuits: an approach to the optimized circuits. IEICE Trans. Fundam. Electron. Commun. Comput. Sci. 82(8), 1627–1635 (1999)Google Scholar
- 19.T. Kaczorek, New stability tests of positive standard and fractional linear systems. Circuits Syst. 2(4), 261–268 (2011)CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 20.M.P. Lazarevi, Finite time stability analysis of pd fractional control of robotic time-delay systems. Mech. Res. Commun. 33(2), 269–279 (2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.M.P. Lazarevi, A.M. Spasi, Finite-time stability analysis of fractional order time-delay systems: Gronwalls approach. Math. Comput. Modelling 49(34), 475–481 (2009)CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 22.K. Li, Delay-dependent stability analysis for impulsive BAM neural networks with time-varying delays. Comput. Math. Appl. 56(8), 2088–2099 (2008)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 23.H. Li, Y. Luo, Y. Chen, A fractional order proportional and derivative (FOPD) motion controller: tuning rule and experiments. IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol. 18(2), 516–520 (2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 24.K.S. Miller, B. Ross, An Introduction to the Fractional Calculus and Fractional Differential Equations (Wiley, New York, 1993)MATHGoogle Scholar
- 25.G. Mittag-Leffler, Sur la nouvelle fonction \(E_{\alpha } (x)\). CR Acad. Sci. Paris 137, 554–558 (1903)Google Scholar
- 26.K.B. Oldham, J. Spanier, The Fractional Calculus, vol. 1047 (Academic Press, New York, 1974)Google Scholar
- 27.G. Peng, Synchronization of fractional order chaotic systems. Phys. Lett. A 363(56), 426–432 (2007)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 28.I. Podlubny, Fractional Differential Equations: An Introduction to Fractional Derivatives, Fractional Differential Equations, to Methods of their Solution and Some of their Applications, vol. 198. Access Online via Elsevier (1998)Google Scholar
- 29.A.G. Radwan, Stability analysis of the fractional-order \(RL_{\beta }C_{\alpha }\) circuit. J. Fract. Calc. Appl. 3(1), 1–15 (2012)Google Scholar
- 30.A.G. Radwan, A.S. Elwakil, A.M. Soliman, Fractional-order sinusoidal oscillators: design procedure and practical examples. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I 55(7), 2051–2063 (2008)CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 31.A.G. Radwan, A.S. Elwakil, A.M. Soliman, On the generalization of second-order filters to the fractional-order domain. J. Circuits Syst. Comput. 18(02), 361–386 (2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 32.A.G. Radwan, K. Moaddy, S. Momani, Stability and non-standard finite difference method of the generalized chuas circuit. Comput. Math. Appl. 62(3), 961–970 (2011)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 33.A.G. Radwan, K.N. Salama, Fractional-order \(RC\) and \(RL\) circuits. Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 31(6), 1901–1915 (2012)CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 34.A.G. Radwan, A. Shamim, K.N. Salama, Theory of fractional order elements based impedance matching networks. IEEE Microwav. Wirel. Compon. Lett. 21(3), 120–122 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 35.A.G. Radwan, A.M. Soliman, A.S. Elwakil, A. Sedeek, On the stability of linear systems with fractional-order elements. Chaos Solitons Fractals 40(5), 2317–2328 (2009)CrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
- 36.D. Saha, D. Mondal, S. Sen, Effect of initialization on a class of fractional order systems: experimental verification and dependence on nature of past history and system parameters. Circuits Syst. Signal Process. 32(4), 1501–1522 (2013)CrossRefMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 37.R. Sallen, E. Key, A practical method of designing rc active filters. IRE Trans. Circuit Theory 2(1), 74–85 (1955)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 38.A.S. Sedra, P.O. Brackett, Filter Theory and Design: Active and Passive (Matrix Publishers, Portland, 1978)Google Scholar
- 39.A. Soltan, A.G. Radwan, A.M. Soliman, Butterworth passive filter in the fractional-order, in 2011 International Conference on Microelectronics (ICM), (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–5Google Scholar
- 40.A. Soltan, A.G. Radwan, A.M. Soliman, Fractional order filter with two fractional elements of dependant orders. Microelectron. J. 43(11), 818–827 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 41.A. Soltan, A.G. Radwan, A.M. Soliman, Measurement fractional order Sallen–Key filters. Int. J. Electr. Electron. Sci. Eng. 7(12), 2–6 (2013)Google Scholar
- 42.A. Soltan, A. Radwan, A. Soliman, CCII based KHN fractional order filter, in 2013 IEEE 56th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) (2013), pp. 197–200Google Scholar
- 43.A. Soltan, A.G. Radwan, A.M. Soliman, CCII based fractional filters of different orders. J. Adv. Res. 5(2), 157–164 (2014)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 44.M.P. Tripathi, V.K. Baranwal, R.K. Pandey, O.P. Singh, A new numerical algorithm to solve fractional differential equations based on operational matrix of generalized hat functions. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 18(6), 1327–1340 (2013)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
- 45.X. Zhang, L. Liu, Y. Wu, The uniqueness of positive solution for a singular fractional differential system involving derivatives. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 18(6), 1400–1409 (2013)CrossRefMATHMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014