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Anopheles gambiae odorant binding protein crystal complex with the synthetic repellent DEET: implications for structure-based design of novel mosquito repellents

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Abstract

Insect odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are the first components of the olfactory system to encounter and bind attractant and repellent odors emanating from various sources for presentation to olfactory receptors, which trigger relevant signal transduction cascades culminating in specific physiological and behavioral responses. For disease vectors, particularly hematophagous mosquitoes, repellents represent important defenses against parasitic diseases because they effect a reduction in the rate of contact between the vectors and humans. OBPs are targets for structure-based rational approaches for the discovery of new repellent or other olfaction inhibitory compounds with desirable features. Thus, a study was conducted to characterize the high resolution crystal structure of an OBP of Anopheles gambiae, the African malaria mosquito vector, in complex with N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), one of the most effective repellents that has been in worldwide use for six decades. We found that DEET binds at the edge of a long hydrophobic tunnel by exploiting numerous non-polar interactions and one hydrogen bond, which is perceived to be critical for DEET’s recognition. Based on the experimentally determined affinity of AgamOBP1 for DEET (K d of 31.3 μΜ) and our structural data, we modeled the interactions for this protein with 29 promising leads reported in the literature to have significant repellent activities, and carried out fluorescence binding studies with four highly ranked ligands. Our experimental results confirmed the modeling predictions indicating that structure-based modeling could facilitate the design of novel repellents with enhanced binding affinity and selectivity.

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Abbreviations

AgamOBP1:

Odorant binding protein 1 from Anopheles gambiae

OR:

Odorant receptor

ON:

Olfactory neuron

DEET:

N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide

1-NPN:

N-Phenyl-1-naphthylamine

IPTG:

Isopropyl-galacto-pyranoside

MOP:

(5R,6S)-6-Acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide

TLS:

Translation/libration/screw

vdW:

van der Waals

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the late Dr. Harald Biessmann and Dr. Marika F. Walter (Developmental Biology Center, University of California), for kindly providing the AgamOBP1 gene. This work was supported by funding provided by the European Commission for the FP7- HEALTH-2007-2.3.2.9 project “ENAROMaTIC” (GA-222927), the FP7-REGPOT-2008-1 project “EUROSTRUCT” (GA-230146) and the FP7-REGPOT-2009-1 Project “ARCADE” (GA-245866). Work at the Synchrotron Radiation Sources, MAX-lab, Lund, Sweden and EMBL Hamburg Outstation, Germany, was supported by funding provided by the European Commission for the FP7 Research Infrastructure Action “ELISA” (European Light Sources Activities).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece

    K. E. Tsitsanou, C. E. Drakou, M. V. Keramioti & S. E. Zographos

  2. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece

    T. Thireou & E. Eliopoulos

  3. Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biology, NCSR “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, 15310, Athens, Greece

    K. Koussis & K. Iatrou

  4. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 26 Ploutonos Str., 41221, Larissa, Greece

    D. D. Leonidas

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  1. K. E. Tsitsanou
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Tsitsanou, K.E., Thireou, T., Drakou, C.E. et al. Anopheles gambiae odorant binding protein crystal complex with the synthetic repellent DEET: implications for structure-based design of novel mosquito repellents. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 69, 283–297 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-011-0745-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-011-0745-z

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