Swiss Journal of Geosciences

, Volume 103, Issue 3, pp 475–494 | Cite as

Size distribution of the Late Devonian ammonoid Prolobites: indication for possible mass spawning events

  • Sonny Alexander Walton
  • Dieter Korn
  • Christian Klug
Article
First Online:
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Worldwide, the ammonoid genus Prolobites is only known from a few localities, and from these fossil beds almost all of the specimens are adults as shown by the presence of a terminal growth stage. This is in marked contrast to the co-occurring ammonoid genera such as Sporadoceras, Prionoceras, and Platyclymenia. Size distribution of specimens of Prolobites from three studied localities show that, unlike in the co-occurring ammonoid species, most of the material belongs to adult individuals. The morphometric analysis of Prolobites delphinus (Sandberger & Sandberger 1851) demonstrates the intraspecific variability including variants with elliptical coiling and that dimorphism is not detectable. The Prolobites material shows close resemblance to spawning populations of Recent coleoids such as the squid Todarodes filippovae Adam 1975. Possible mass spawning events are discussed in the context of the size distribution and limited geographic range of Prolobites. Finally, the potential fecundity and brooding behaviour of Prolobites is hypothesized using the examples of post spawning egg care in Recent coleoids.

Keywords

Ammonoidea Coleoidea Morphometry Late Devonian Famennian Spawning 

Abbreviations

SMF

Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt a. M., Germany

MB.C.

Cephalopod collection of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (the collections of Franz Ademmer, Werner Bottke, and Harald Simon are incorporated here)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Notes

Acknowledgments

C.K. thanks the Swiss National Science Foundation for the financial support of the research project No. 200021-113956/1. We acknowledge the reviews by Royal Mapes (Athens, Ohio) and Daniel Marty (Porrentruy).

References

  1. Adam, W. (1975). Notes sur les Céphalopodes, XXVI.—Une nouvelle espèce de Todarodes (Todarodes filippovae sp. nov.) de l’Océan Indien. Bulletin de l’Institute royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, 50(9), 1–10.Google Scholar
  2. Argüelles, J., Rodhouse, P. G., Villegas, P., & Castillo, G. (2001). Age, growth and population structure of the jumbo flying squid Dosidicus gigas in Peruvian waters. Fisheries Research, 54(1), 51–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Arkhipkin, A. I., & Bjørke, H. (1999). Ontogenetic changes in morphometric and reproductive indices of the squid Gonatus fabricii (Oegopsida, Gonatidae) in the Norwegian Sea. Polar Biology, 22, 357–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Becker, R. T. (1993). Stratigraphische Gliederung und Ammonoideen-Faunen im Nehdenium (Oberdevon II) von Europa und Nord-Afrika. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 155, 1–405.Google Scholar
  5. Becker, R. T., House, M. R., Bockwinkel, J., Ebbighausen, V., & Aboussalam, Z. S. (2002). Famennian ammonoid zones of the eastern Anti-Atlas (southern Morocco). Münstersche Forschungen zur Geologie und Paläontologie, 93, 159–205.Google Scholar
  6. Berry, S. S. (1911). Preliminary notices of some new Pacific Cephalopods. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 40(1838), 589–592.Google Scholar
  7. Bjørke, H., Hansen, K., & Sundt, R. C. (1997). Egg masses of the squid Gonatus fabricii (Cephalopoda, Gonatidae) caught with pelagic trawl off northern Norway. Sarsia, 82, 149–152.Google Scholar
  8. Bogoslovsky, B. I. (1969). Devonskie ammonoidei. I. Agoniatity. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 124, 1–341.Google Scholar
  9. Born, A. (1912). Die geologischen Verhältnisse des Oberdevons im Aeketal (Oberharz). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Beilage-Band, 34, 553–632.Google Scholar
  10. Boyle, P. R. (Ed). (1987). Cephalopod life cycles, Volume II, Comparative Reviews (441 pp.) London: Academic Press .Google Scholar
  11. Boyle, P. R., & Boletzky, S. (1996). Cephalopod populations: definition and dynamics. Philosophical Transactions Biological Sciences, 351(1343), 985–1002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Cochran, J. K., & Landman, N. H. (1984). Radiometric determination of the growth rate of Nautilus in nature. Nature, 308, 725–727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Cuvier, G. (1797). Tableau élémentaire de l’histoire naturelle des animaux (710 pp.) Paris.Google Scholar
  14. d’Orbigny, A. (1834–1847). Voyage dans l’Américanique Méridionale 5 (3): Mollusques: XLIII + 758 pp. Paris: Ministre de l’instruction Publique.Google Scholar
  15. Davis, R. A. (1972). Mature modifications and dimorphism in selected Late Paleozoic ammonoids. Bulletins of American Paleontology, 62(272), 27–130.Google Scholar
  16. Denckmann, A. (1894). Zur Stratigraphie des Oberdevon im Kellerwalde und einigen benachbarten Devon-Gebieten. Jahrbuch der Preußischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, 15, 8–64.Google Scholar
  17. Engeser, T. (1996). The position of the Ammonoidea within the Cephalopoda. In N. H. Landman, K. Tanabe, & R. A. Davis (Eds.), Ammonoid Paleobiology. Topics in Geobiology, (Vol. 13, pp. 3–23). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
  18. Erben, H. K. (1966). Über den Ursprung der Ammonoidea. Biological review of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 41, 641–658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Etches, S., Clarke, J., & Callomon, J. (2009). Ammonite eggs and ammonitellae from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dorset, England. Lethaia, 42(2), 204–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Fields, W. G. (1965). The structure, development, food relations, reproduction, and life history of the squid Loligo opalescens Berry. Fish Bulletin, 131, 1–108.Google Scholar
  21. Flügel, H., & Kropfitsch-Flügel, M. (1965). Ammonoidea palaeozoica. In O. Kühn (Ed.), Catalogus Fossilium Austriae, 6(1), 5–31.Google Scholar
  22. Gray, J. E. (1849). Catalogue of the Mollusca in the British Museum. Part I. Cephalopoda Antepedia (164 pp). London.Google Scholar
  23. Harman, R. F., Young, R. E., Reid, S. B., Mangold, K. M., Suzuki, T., & Hixon, R. F. (1989). Evidence for multiple spawning in the tropical oceanic squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (Teuthoidea: Ommastrephidae). Marine Biology, 101(4), 513–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. House, M. R. (1981). On the origin, classification and evolution of the early Ammonoidea. In M. R. House & J. R. Senior (Eds.), The Ammonoidea. Systematics Association Special (Vol. 18, pp. 3–36).Google Scholar
  25. Ikeda, Y., Sakurai, Y., & Shimazaki, K. (1993). Maturation process of the Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus in captivity. In T. Okutani, R. K. O’Dor, & T. Kubodera (Eds.), Recent Advances in Cephalopod Fishery Biology (pp. 179–187). Tokyo: Tokai University Press.Google Scholar
  26. Jackson, G. D., Wotherspoon, S., & Jackson, C. H. (2007). Temporal life history plasticity of the Southern Ocean squid Todarodes filippovae from waters off Tasmania, Australia. Marine Biology, 150(4), 575–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Jacobs, D. K., & Chamberlain, J. A. (1996). Buoyancy and hydrodynamics in ammonoids. In N.H. Landman, K. Tanabe, & R. A. Davis (Eds.), Ammonoid Paleobiology. Topics in Geobiology, (Vol. 13, pp. 169–223). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
  28. Jacobs, D. K., & Landman, N. H. (1993). Nautilus—a poor model for the function and behavior of ammonoids? Lethaia, 26, 101–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Jereb, P., Roper, C. F. E., & Vecchione, M. (2005). ‘Cephalopods of the World’ (FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 1).Google Scholar
  30. Karpinsky, A. P. (1885). O nakhozhdenii ostatkov klimeniy na Urale. Izvestiya Geologicheskogo Komiteta, 3, 157–159.Google Scholar
  31. Kayser, E. (1873). Ueber die Fauna des Nierenkalkes vom Enkeberge und der Schiefer von Nehden bei Brilon, und über die Gliederung des Oberdevon im rheinischen Schiefergebirge. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, 25, 602–674.Google Scholar
  32. Keupp, H. (2000). Ammoniten. Paläobiologische Erfolgsspiralen (p. 165). Stuttgart: Thorbecke.Google Scholar
  33. Kind, N. V. (1944). Goniatity i klimenii zapadnogo sklona Mugodzharskikh gor. Uchenye zapiski, Leningradskiy Gosudarstvennyy Universitet Imeni A. S. Bubnova, 7011, 137–166.Google Scholar
  34. Klug, C. (2001). Life-cycles of Emsian and Eifelian ammonoids (Devonian). Lethaia, 34, 215–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Klug, C. (2004). Mature modifications, the black band, the black aperture, the black stripe, and the periostracum in cephalopods from the Upper Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic, Germany). Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institut der Universität Hamburg, 88, 63–78.Google Scholar
  36. Klug, C., Brühwiler, T., Korn, D., Schweigert, G., Brayard, A., & Tilsley, J. (2007). Ammonoid shell structures of primary organic composition. Palaeontology, 50, 1463–1478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Klug, C., & Korn, D. (2002). Occluded umbilicus in the Pinacitinae (Devonian) and its palaeoecological implications. Palaeontology, 45(5), 917–931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Koch, L., Gröning, E. & Brauckmann, C. (2003). Suttropcarididae n. fam. (Phyllocarida, Crustacea) from the Upper Devonian of the Sauerland (Rhenish Massif, Germany). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 2003(7), 415–427.Google Scholar
  39. Korn, D. (1995a). Paedomorphosis of ammonoids as a result of sealevel fluctuations in the Late Devonian Wocklumeria Stufe. Lethaia, 28(2), 155–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Korn, D. (1995b). Impact of environmental perturbations on heterochronic development in Palaeozoic ammonoids. In K. J. McNamara (Ed.), Evolutionary change and heterochrony (pp. 245–260). Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar
  41. Korn, D. (2002). Die Ammonoideen-Fauna der Platyclymenia annulata-Zone vom Kattensiepen (Oberdevon, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge). Senckenbergiana Lethaea, 82(2), 557–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Korn, D., & Klug, C. (2002). Ammoneae Devonicae. In W. Riegraf (Ed.), Fossilium Catalogus 1: Animalia, 138, 1–375. Leiden: Backhuys.Google Scholar
  43. Korn, D., & Klug, C. (2003). Morphological pathways in the evolution of early and middle Devonian ammonoids. Paleobiology, 29(3), 329–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Korn, D., & Klug, C. (2007). Conch form analysis, variability, and morphological disparity of a Frasnian (Late Devonian) ammonoid assemblage from Coumiac (Montagne Noire, France). In N. H. Landman, R. A. Davis, W. L. Manger, & R. H. Mapes (Eds.), Cephalopods—present and past (pp. 57–86). New York: Springer.Google Scholar
  45. Korn, D., Price, J. D., & Ademmer, F. (1984). Prolobites aktubensis Bogoslovskiy - eine devonische Goniatiten-Art (Ammonoidea) mit irregulärem Mundrand. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Abhandlungen, 1984(2), 66–76.Google Scholar
  46. Korn, D., & Ziegler, W. (2002). The ammonoid and conodont zonation at Enkeberg (Famennian, Late Devonian; Rhenish Mountains). Senckenbergiana Lethaea, 82(2), 453–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Lamarck, J. B. (1798). Extrait d’un Mémoire sur le genre de la sèche, du Calmar et Poulpe, vulgairement nommes, Polypes de Mer. Bulletin des Sciences. par la Société Philomatique, 2(5), 129–131.Google Scholar
  48. Landman, N. H., Mapes, R. H., & Cruz, C. (2010). Jaws and soft tissues in ammonoids from the Lower Carboniferous (Upper Mississippian) Bear Gulch Beds, Montana, USA. In K. Tanabe, Y. Shigeta, T. Sasaki, & H. Hirano (Eds.), Cephalopods—present and past (pp. 147–153). Tokyo: Tokai University Press.Google Scholar
  49. Landman, N. H., Tanabe, K., & Shigeta, Y. (1996). Ammonoid embryonic development. In N. H. Landman, K. Tanabe, & R. A. Davis (Eds.), Ammonoid paleobiology. Topics in geobiology (Vol. 13, pp. 343–405). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
  50. Lange, W. (1929). Zur Kenntnis des Oberdevons am Enkeberg und bei Balve (Sauerland). Abhandlungen der Preußischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, Neue Folge, 119, 1–132.Google Scholar
  51. Lehmann, U. (1985). Zur Anatomie der Ammoniten: Tintenbeutel, Kiemen, Augen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 59, 99–108.Google Scholar
  52. Lesson, R. P. (1830). Zoologie du voyage autour du Monde, exécuté par ordre du Roi, sur la corvette de sa Majesté, la Coquille, pendant les années 1822–1825 par M.L.I. Duperry. Zoologie, 2(1), 24 pp; Paris.Google Scholar
  53. Lichtenstein, M. H. C. (1818). Onychoteuthis, Sepien mit Kralle. Isis − Encyclopädische Zeitung, 1818(9), 1518–1519.Google Scholar
  54. Mapes, R. H., & Nützel, A. (2008). Late Palaeozoic mollusc reproduction: cephalopod egg-laying behavior and gastropod larval palaeobiology. Lethaia, 42(3), 341–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Markaida, U., Quiñónez-Velázquez, C., & Sosa-Nishizaki, O. (2004). Age, growth and maturation of jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Fisheries Research, 66, 31–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Matern, H. (1931). Das Oberdevon der Dill-Mulde. Abhandlungen der Preußischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, Neue Folge, 134, 1–139.Google Scholar
  57. Moltschaniwskyj, N. A. (1995). Multiple spawning in the tropical squid Photololigo sp.: what is the cost in somatic growth? Marine Biology, 124(1), 127–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Moltschaniwskyj, N. A. (2004). Understanding the process of growth in cephalopods. Marine Freshwater Research, 55, 379–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Münster, G. Graf zu (1832). Ueber die Planuliten und Goniatiten im Uebergangs-Kalk des Fichtelgebirges (38 pp.), Bayreuth: Birner.Google Scholar
  60. Münster, G. Graf zu (1842). Nachtrag zu den Versteinerungen des Uebergangskalkes mit Clymenien. Beiträge zur Petrefactenkunde, 6, 112–130.Google Scholar
  61. Nalivkina, A. K. (1953). Verkhnedevonskie goniatity i klimenii Mugodzhar. Trudy Vsesoyuznyy Nauchno-Issledovatel’skiy Geologo-Razvedochnyy Neftyanoy Institut, 72, 60–125.Google Scholar
  62. Naud, M.-J., Hanlon, R. T., Hall, K. C., Shaw, P. W., & Havenhand, J. N. (2004). Behavioural and genetic assessment of reproductive success in a spawning aggregation of the Australian giant cuttlefish, Sepia apama. Animal Behaviour, 67(6), 1043–1050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Nikolaeva, S. V., & Bogoslovsky, B. I. (2005). Late Famennian Ammonoids from the Upper Part of the Kiya Formation of the South Urals. Paleontological Journal Supplement, 39(5), 527–537.Google Scholar
  64. Okutani, T., Nakamura, I., & Seti, K. (1995). An unusual egg-brooding behaviour of an oceanic squid in the Okhotsk Sea. Venus, 54, 237–239.Google Scholar
  65. Paeckelmann, W., & Kühne, F. (1936). Erläuterungen zu Blatt Madfeld Nr. 2586. Geologische Karte von Preußen und benachbarten deutschen Ländern, Lieferung, 341, 1–79.Google Scholar
  66. Palmer, A. R. (1979). Fish predation and the evolution of gastropod shell sculpture: experimental and geographic evidence. Evolution, 33, 697–713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. Perna, E. Ya. (1914). Ammonei verkhnego neodevona vostochnogo sklona Urala. Trudy Geologicheskogo Komiteta, 99, 1–114.Google Scholar
  68. Rocha, F., Guerra, Á., & González, Á. F. (2001). A review of reproductive strategies in Cephalopods. Biological Reviews, 76, 291–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. Sandberger, G. (1855). Clymenia subnautilina (nova species), die erste und bis jetzt einzige Art aus Nassau. Jahrbücher des Vereins für Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, 1, 127–136.Google Scholar
  70. Sandberger, G., & Sandberger, F. (1850–1856). Die Versteinerungen des rheinischen Schichtensystems in Nassau. Mit einer kurzgefassten Geognosie dieses Gebietes und mit steter Berücksichtigung analoger Schichten anderer Länder (XIV +564 pp.) Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
  71. Sauer, W. H. H., Smale, M. J., & Lipinski, M. R. (1992). The location of spawning grounds, spawning and schooling behaviour of the squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii (Cephalopoda:Myopsida) off the Eastern Cape Coast, South Africa. Marine Biology, 114(1), 97–107.Google Scholar
  72. Saunders, W. B. (1983). Natural rates of growth and longevity of Nautilus belauensis. Paleobiology, 9(3), 280–288.Google Scholar
  73. Saunders, W. B., & Shapiro, E. A. (1986). Calculation and simulation of ammonoid hydrostatics. Paleobiology, 12, 64–79.Google Scholar
  74. Schindewolf, O. H. (1923). Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Paläozoikums in Oberfranken, Ostthüringen und dem Sächsischen Vogtlande. I. Stratigraphie und Ammoneenfauna des Oberdevons von Hof a. S. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Beilage-Band, 49, 250–357, 393–509Google Scholar
  75. Schindewolf, O. H. (1934). Über eine oberdevonische Ammoneen-Fauna aus den Rocky Mountains. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Beilage-Band B, 72, 331–350.Google Scholar
  76. Seibel, B. A., Hochberg, F. G., & Carlini, D. B. (2000). Life history of Gonatus onyx (Cephalopoda:Teuthoidea): deep-sea spawning and post-spawning egg care. Marine Biology, 137(3), 519–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  77. Seibel, B. A., Robison, B. H., & Haddock, S. D. H. (2005). Post-spawning egg care by a squid. Nature, 438, 929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. Seilacher, A., & Gunji, Y. P. (1993). Morphogenetic countdown: another view on heteromorph shells in gastropods and ammonites. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, 190, 73–101.Google Scholar
  79. Shigeno, S., Sasaki, T., Moritaki, T., Kasugai, T., Vecchione, M., & Agata, K. (2007). Evolution of the cephalopod head complex by assembly of multiple molluscan body parts: Evidence from Nautilus embryonic development. Journal of Morphology, 269(1), 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  80. Steenstrup, J. (1880). De Ommatostrephagtige Blaeksprutter indbyrdes Forhold. Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger, 1880, 73–110.Google Scholar
  81. Tokarenko, L. (1903). Fauna verkhne-devonskikh izvestnyakov okrestnostey g. Verkhneuralska Orenburgskoy gub. Trudy Obshchestva Estestvoispytaleley pri Kazanskom Universitete, 37(2), 1–40.Google Scholar
  82. Vermeij, G. J. (1982). Gastropod shell from, breakage, and repair in relation to predation by the crab Calappa. Malacologia, 23, 1–12.Google Scholar
  83. Ward, P. D. (1987). The Natural History of Nautilus (p. 267). Boston: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
  84. Warnke, K., & Keupp, H. (2005). Spirula—a window to the embryonic development of ammonoids? Morphological and molecular indications for a palaeontological hypothesis. Facies, 51, 60–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  85. Wedekind, R. (1908). Die Cephalopodenfauna des höheren Oberdevon am Enkeberge. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie, Beilage-Band, 26, 565–633.Google Scholar
  86. Wedekind, R. (1918). Die Genera der Palaeoammonoidea (Goniatiten). Mit Ausschluß der Mimoceratidae, Glyphioceratidae und Prolecanitidae. Palaeontographica, 62, 85–184.Google Scholar
  87. Wendt, J., & Aigner, T. (1985). Facies patterns and depositional environments of Palaeozoic cephalopod limestones. Sedimentary Geology, 44, 263–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  88. Wendt, J., Aigner, T., & Neugebauer, J. (1984). Cephalopod limestone deposition on a shallow pelagic ridge: the Tafilalt Platform (upper Devonian, eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco). Sedimentology, 31(5), 601–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. Westermann, G. E. G. (1996). Ammonoid life and habitat. In N. H. Landman, K. Tanabe, & R. A. Davis (Eds.), Ammonoid Paleobiology. Topics in Geobiology (Vol. 13, 607–707). New York: Plenum PressGoogle Scholar
  90. Westermann, B., Beck-Schildwächter, I., Beuerlein, K., Kaleta, E. F., & Schipp, R. (2004). Shell growth and chamber formation of aquarium-reared Nautilus pompilius (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) by X-ray analysis. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 301A, 930–937.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. Wodinsky, J. (1978). Feeding behaviour of broody female Octopus vulgaris. Animal Behaviour, 26(3), 803–813.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. Yang, W. T., Hixon, R. F., Turk, P. E., Krejci, M. E., Hulet, W. H., & Hanlon, R. T. (1986). Growth, behaviour, and sexual maturation of the market squid, Loligo opalescens, cultured through the life cycle. Fishery Bulletin, 84(4), 771–798.Google Scholar
  93. Young, R. E. (1972). The systematics and areal distribution of pelagic Cephalopods from the seas off southern California. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 97, 1–159.Google Scholar
  94. Zatoń, M., Nied′zwiedzki, G., & Pieńkowski, G. (2009). Gastropod egg capsules preserved on bivalve shells from the Lower Jurassic (Hettangian) of Poland. Palaios, 24, 568–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  95. Zhao, J. & Zheng, Z. (1977). The Permian ammonoids from Zheijiang and Jiangxi. Acta Paleontologica Sinica, 16(2), 217–254.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Swiss Geological Society 2010

Authors and Affiliations

  • Sonny Alexander Walton
    • 1
  • Dieter Korn
    • 1
  • Christian Klug
    • 2
  1. 1.Museum für NaturkundeLeibniz Institute, Humboldt University BerlinBerlinGermany
  2. 2.Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität ZürichZürichSwitzerland

Personalised recommendations