Glueball dark matter in non-standard cosmologies

  • Bobby S. Acharya
  • Malcolm Fairbairn
  • Edward Hardy
Open Access
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics

Abstract

Hidden sector glueball dark matter is well motivated by string theory, compactifications of which often have extra gauge groups uncoupled to the visible sector. We study the dynamics of glueballs in theories with a period of late time primordial matter domination followed by a low final reheating temperature due to a gravitationally coupled modulus. Compared to scenarios with a high reheating temperature, the required relic abundance is possible with higher hidden sector confinement scales, and less extreme differences in the entropy densities of the hidden and visible sectors. Both of these can occur in string derived models, and relatively light moduli are helpful for obtaining viable phenomenology. We also study the effects of hidden sector gluinos. In some parts of parameter space these can be the dominant dark matter component, while in others their abundance is much smaller than that of glueballs. Finally, we show that heavy glueballs produced from energy in the hidden sector prior to matter domination can have the correct relic abundance if they are sufficiently long lived.

Keywords

Cosmology of Theories beyond the SM Compactification and String Models 

Notes

Open Access

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits any use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.

References

  1. [1]
    L.B. Okun, Theta particles, Nucl. Phys. B 173 (1980) 1 [INSPIRE].ADSMathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. [2]
    A.E. Faraggi and M. Pospelov, Selfinteracting dark matter from the hidden heterotic string sector, Astropart. Phys. 16 (2002) 451 [hep-ph/0008223] [INSPIRE].
  3. [3]
    D.N. Spergel and P.J. Steinhardt, Observational evidence for selfinteracting cold dark matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 (2000) 3760 [astro-ph/9909386] [INSPIRE].
  4. [4]
    E.D. Carlson, M.E. Machacek and L.J. Hall, Self-interacting dark matter, Astrophys. J. 398 (1992) 43 [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. [5]
    G.D. Coughlan, W. Fischler, E.W. Kolb, S. Raby and G.G. Ross, Cosmological Problems for the Polonyi Potential, Phys. Lett. B 131 (1983) 59 [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. [6]
    A.S. Goncharov, A.D. Linde and M.I. Vysotsky, Cosmological problems for spontaneously broken supergravity, Phys. Lett. B 147 (1984) 279 [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. [7]
    J.R. Ellis, D.V. Nanopoulos and M. Quirós, On the Axion, Dilaton, Polonyi, Gravitino and Shadow Matter Problems in Supergravity and Superstring Models, Phys. Lett. B 174 (1986) 176 [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. [8]
    T. Banks, D.B. Kaplan and A.E. Nelson, Cosmological implications of dynamical supersymmetry breaking, Phys. Rev. D 49 (1994) 779 [hep-ph/9308292] [INSPIRE].
  9. [9]
    B. de Carlos, J.A. Casas, F. Quevedo and E. Roulet, Model independent properties and cosmological implications of the dilaton and moduli sectors of 4-D strings, Phys. Lett. B 318 (1993) 447 [hep-ph/9308325] [INSPIRE].
  10. [10]
    B.S. Acharya, P. Kumar, K. Bobkov, G. Kane, J. Shao and S. Watson, Non-thermal Dark Matter and the Moduli Problem in String Frameworks, JHEP 06 (2008) 064 [arXiv:0804.0863] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. [11]
    B.S. Acharya, G. Kane and E. Kuflik, Bounds on scalar masses in theories of moduli stabilization, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 29 (2014) 1450073 [arXiv:1006.3272] [INSPIRE].ADSMathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. [12]
    J. Halverson, B.D. Nelson and F. Ruehle, String Theory and the Dark Glueball Problem, Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 043527 [arXiv:1609.02151] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  13. [13]
    P. Adshead, Y. Cui and J. Shelton, Chilly Dark Sectors and Asymmetric Reheating, JHEP 06 (2016) 016 [arXiv:1604.02458] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. [14]
    E. Hardy and J. Unwin, Symmetric and Asymmetric Reheating, arXiv:1703.07642 [INSPIRE].
  15. [15]
    B. Lucini, M. Teper and U. Wenger, The High temperature phase transition in SU(N ) gauge theories, JHEP 01 (2004) 061 [hep-lat/0307017] [INSPIRE].
  16. [16]
    B. Lucini, M. Teper and U. Wenger, Properties of the deconfining phase transition in SU(N ) gauge theories, JHEP 02 (2005) 033 [hep-lat/0502003] [INSPIRE].
  17. [17]
    I. García García, R. Lasenby and J. March-Russell, Twin Higgs WIMP Dark Matter, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 055034 [arXiv:1505.07109] [INSPIRE].
  18. [18]
    L. Forestell, D.E. Morrissey and K. Sigurdson, Non-Abelian Dark Forces and the Relic Densities of Dark Glueballs, Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 015032 [arXiv:1605.08048] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  19. [19]
    C.J. Morningstar and M.J. Peardon, The Glueball spectrum from an anisotropic lattice study, Phys. Rev. D 60 (1999) 034509 [hep-lat/9901004] [INSPIRE].
  20. [20]
    K.K. Boddy, J.L. Feng, M. Kaplinghat and T.M.P. Tait, Self-Interacting Dark Matter from a Non-Abelian Hidden Sector, Phys. Rev. D 89 (2014) 115017 [arXiv:1402.3629] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  21. [21]
    Y. Hochberg, E. Kuflik, T. Volansky and J.G. Wacker, Mechanism for Thermal Relic Dark Matter of Strongly Interacting Massive Particles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 171301 [arXiv:1402.5143] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. [22]
    N. Yamanaka, S. Fujibayashi, S. Gongyo and H. Iida, Dark matter in the hidden gauge theory, arXiv:1411.2172 [INSPIRE].
  23. [23]
    N. Bernal, X. Chu, C. Garcia-Cely, T. Hambye and B. Zaldivar, Production Regimes for Self-Interacting Dark Matter, JCAP 03 (2016) 018 [arXiv:1510.08063] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. [24]
    N. Bernal and X. Chu, \( {\mathbb{Z}}_2 \) SIMP Dark Matter, JCAP 01 (2016) 006 [arXiv:1510.08527] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. [25]
    E. Kuflik, M. Perelstein, N. R.-L. Lorier and Y.-D. Tsai, Elastically Decoupling Dark Matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116 (2016) 221302 [arXiv:1512.04545] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. [26]
    A. Soni and Y. Zhang, Hidden SU(N ) Glueball Dark Matter, Phys. Rev. D 93 (2016) 115025 [arXiv:1602.00714] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  27. [27]
    D. Pappadopulo, J.T. Ruderman and G. Trevisan, Dark matter freeze-out in a nonrelativistic sector, Phys. Rev. D 94 (2016) 035005 [arXiv:1602.04219] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  28. [28]
    M. Farina, D. Pappadopulo, J.T. Ruderman and G. Trevisan, Phases of Cannibal Dark Matter, JHEP 12 (2016) 039 [arXiv:1607.03108] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. [29]
    G.D. Kribs, T.S. Roy, J. Terning and K.M. Zurek, Quirky Composite Dark Matter, Phys. Rev. D 81 (2010) 095001 [arXiv:0909.2034] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  30. [30]
    M.A. Buen-Abad, G. Marques-Tavares and M. Schmaltz, Non-Abelian dark matter and dark radiation, Phys. Rev. D 92 (2015) 023531 [arXiv:1505.03542] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  31. [31]
    C. Gross, O. Lebedev and Y. Mambrini, Non-Abelian gauge fields as dark matter, JHEP 08 (2015) 158 [arXiv:1505.07480] [INSPIRE].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. [32]
    J. Eby, C. Kouvaris, N.G. Nielsen and L.C.R. Wijewardhana, Boson Stars from Self-Interacting Dark Matter, JHEP 02 (2016) 028 [arXiv:1511.04474] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. [33]
    G.D. Kribs and E.T. Neil, Review of strongly-coupled composite dark matter models and lattice simulations, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 31 (2016) 1643004 [arXiv:1604.04627] [INSPIRE].ADSMathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  34. [34]
    K.R. Dienes, F. Huang, S. Su and B. Thomas, Dynamical Dark Matter from Strongly-Coupled Dark Sectors, Phys. Rev. D 95 (2017) 043526 [arXiv:1610.04112] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  35. [35]
    W.J.G. de Blok, The Core-Cusp Problem, Adv. Astron. 2010 (2010) 789293 [arXiv:0910.3538] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  36. [36]
    M. Rocha et al., Cosmological Simulations with Self-Interacting Dark Matter I: Constant Density Cores and Substructure, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 430 (2013) 81 [arXiv:1208.3025] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. [37]
    A.H.G. Peter, M. Rocha, J.S. Bullock and M. Kaplinghat, Cosmological Simulations with Self-Interacting Dark Matter II: Halo Shapes vs. Observations, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 430 (2013) 105 [arXiv:1208.3026] [INSPIRE].
  38. [38]
    D.H. Weinberg, J.S. Bullock, F. Governato, R. Kuzio de Naray and A.H.G. Peter, Cold dark matter: controversies on small scales, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 112 (2014) 12249 [arXiv:1306.0913] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. [39]
    S. Tulin, H.-B. Yu and K.M. Zurek, Beyond Collisionless Dark Matter: Particle Physics Dynamics for Dark Matter Halo Structure, Phys. Rev. D 87 (2013) 115007 [arXiv:1302.3898] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  40. [40]
    J.M. Cline, Z. Liu, G. Moore and W. Xue, Composite strongly interacting dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 015023 [arXiv:1312.3325] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  41. [41]
    O.D. Elbert, J.S. Bullock, S. Garrison-Kimmel, M. Rocha, J. Oñorbe and A.H.G. Peter, Core formation in dwarf haloes with self-interacting dark matter: no fine-tuning necessary, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 453 (2015) 29 [arXiv:1412.1477] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. [42]
    D. Harvey, R. Massey, T. Kitching, A. Taylor and E. Tittley, The non-gravitational interactions of dark matter in colliding galaxy clusters, Science 347 (2015) 1462 [arXiv:1503.07675] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. [43]
    P. Schwaller, Gravitational Waves from a Dark Phase Transition, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 (2015) 181101 [arXiv:1504.07263] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. [44]
    C. Caprini, R. Durrer, T. Konstandin and G. Servant, General Properties of the Gravitational Wave Spectrum from Phase Transitions, Phys. Rev. D 79 (2009) 083519 [arXiv:0901.1661] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  45. [45]
    S.J. Huber and T. Konstandin, Gravitational Wave Production by Collisions: More Bubbles, JCAP 09 (2008) 022 [arXiv:0806.1828] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. [46]
    C. Caprini, R. Durrer and G. Servant, The stochastic gravitational wave background from turbulence and magnetic fields generated by a first-order phase transition, JCAP 12 (2009) 024 [arXiv:0909.0622] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. [47]
    R.J. Scherrer and M.S. Turner, Primordial Nucleosynthesis with Decaying Particles. 1. Entropy Producing Decays. 2. Inert Decays, Astrophys. J. 331 (1988) 19 [INSPIRE].
  48. [48]
    J.E. Juknevich, Pure-glue hidden valleys through the Higgs portal, JHEP 08 (2010) 121 [arXiv:0911.5616] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  49. [49]
    K. Jedamzik, Big bang nucleosynthesis constraints on hadronically and electromagnetically decaying relic neutral particles, Phys. Rev. D 74 (2006) 103509 [hep-ph/0604251] [INSPIRE].
  50. [50]
    G.F. Giudice, E.W. Kolb and A. Riotto, Largest temperature of the radiation era and its cosmological implications, Phys. Rev. D 64 (2001) 023508 [hep-ph/0005123] [INSPIRE].
  51. [51]
    G.L. Kane, P. Kumar, B.D. Nelson and B. Zheng, Dark matter production mechanisms with a nonthermal cosmological history: A classification, Phys. Rev. D 93 (2016) 063527 [arXiv:1502.05406] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  52. [52]
    G. Kane, K. Sinha and S. Watson, Cosmological Moduli and the Post-Inflationary Universe: A Critical Review, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 24 (2015) 1530022 [arXiv:1502.07746] [INSPIRE].ADSMathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. [53]
    N. Blinov, J. Kozaczuk, A. Menon and D.E. Morrissey, Confronting the moduli-induced lightest-superpartner problem, Phys. Rev. D 91 (2015) 035026 [arXiv:1409.1222] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  54. [54]
    S. Nakamura and M. Yamaguchi, Gravitino production from heavy moduli decay and cosmological moduli problem revived, Phys. Lett. B 638 (2006) 389 [hep-ph/0602081] [INSPIRE].
  55. [55]
    V. Kaplunovsky and J. Louis, Field dependent gauge couplings in locally supersymmetric effective quantum field theories, Nucl. Phys. B 422 (1994) 57 [hep-th/9402005] [INSPIRE].ADSMathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  56. [56]
    T. Moroi and L. Randall, Wino cold dark matter from anomaly mediated SUSY breaking, Nucl. Phys. B 570 (2000) 455 [hep-ph/9906527] [INSPIRE].
  57. [57]
    M. Endo, F. Takahashi and T.T. Yanagida, Anomaly-induced inflaton decay and gravitino-overproduction problem, Phys. Lett. B 658 (2008) 236 [hep-ph/0701042] [INSPIRE].
  58. [58]
    M. Dine, L. Randall and S.D. Thomas, Baryogenesis from flat directions of the supersymmetric standard model, Nucl. Phys. B 458 (1996) 291 [hep-ph/9507453] [INSPIRE].
  59. [59]
    R. Allahverdi and M. Drees, Production of massive stable particles in inflaton decay, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 (2002) 091302 [hep-ph/0203118] [INSPIRE].
  60. [60]
    M. Drewes, On finite density effects on cosmic reheating and moduli decay and implications for Dark Matter production, JCAP 11 (2014) 020 [arXiv:1406.6243] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. [61]
    D.A. Fagundes, M.J. Menon and P.V. R.G. Silva, On the rise of the proton-proton cross-sections at high energies, J. Phys. G 40 (2013) 065005 [arXiv:1208.3456] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. [62]
    G.B. Gelmini and P. Gondolo, Neutralino with the right cold dark matter abundance in (almost) any supersymmetric model, Phys. Rev. D 74 (2006) 023510 [hep-ph/0602230] [INSPIRE].
  63. [63]
    R. Allahverdi, B. Dutta and K. Sinha, Successful Supersymmetric Dark Matter with Thermal Over/Under-Abundance from Late Decay of a Visible Sector Scalar, Phys. Rev. D 87 (2013) 075024 [arXiv:1212.6948] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  64. [64]
    M. Viel, J. Lesgourgues, M.G. Haehnelt, S. Matarrese and A. Riotto, Constraining warm dark matter candidates including sterile neutrinos and light gravitinos with WMAP and the Lyman-alpha forest, Phys. Rev. D 71 (2005) 063534 [astro-ph/0501562] [INSPIRE].
  65. [65]
    A. Boyarsky, J. Lesgourgues, O. Ruchayskiy and M. Viel, Lyman-alpha constraints on warm and on warm-plus-cold dark matter models, JCAP 05 (2009) 012 [arXiv:0812.0010] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. [66]
    M. Viel, G.D. Becker, J.S. Bolton and M.G. Haehnelt, Warm dark matter as a solution to the small scale crisis: New constraints from high redshift Lyman-α forest data, Phys. Rev. D 88 (2013) 043502 [arXiv:1306.2314] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  67. [67]
    A. Boyarsky, O. Ruchayskiy and D. Iakubovskyi, A Lower bound on the mass of Dark Matter particles, JCAP 03 (2009) 005 [arXiv:0808.3902] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. [68]
    S. Horiuchi, P.J. Humphrey, J. Onorbe, K.N. Abazajian, M. Kaplinghat and S. Garrison-Kimmel, Sterile neutrino dark matter bounds from galaxies of the Local Group, Phys. Rev. D 89 (2014) 025017 [arXiv:1311.0282] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  69. [69]
    M.P. Dabrowski and F.E. Schunck, Boson stars as gravitational lenses, Astrophys. J. 535 (2000) 316 [astro-ph/9807039] [INSPIRE].
  70. [70]
    J. Fan, O. Özsoy and S. Watson, Nonthermal histories and implications for structure formation, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 043536 [arXiv:1405.7373] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  71. [71]
    J.L. Feng and Y. Shadmi, WIMPless Dark Matter from Non-Abelian Hidden Sectors with Anomaly-Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking, Phys. Rev. D 83 (2011) 095011 [arXiv:1102.0282] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  72. [72]
    K.K. Boddy, J.L. Feng, M. Kaplinghat, Y. Shadmi and T.M.P. Tait, Strongly interacting dark matter: Self-interactions and keV lines, Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) 095016 [arXiv:1408.6532] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  73. [73]
    W.-Y. Keung and A. Khare, Gluinoballs, Phys. Rev. D 29 (1984) 2657 [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  74. [74]
    S. Nussinov, Comments on glueballinos (R 0 particles) and R 0 searches, Phys. Rev. D 57 (1998) 7006 [hep-ph/9610236] [INSPIRE].
  75. [75]
    S. Raby and K. Tobe, The Phenomenology of SUSY models with a gluino LSP, Nucl. Phys. B 539 (1999) 3 [hep-ph/9807281] [INSPIRE].
  76. [76]
    G.R. Farrar, Experiments to find or exclude a longlived, light gluino, Phys. Rev. D 51 (1995) 3904 [hep-ph/9407401] [INSPIRE].
  77. [77]
    M.R. Kauth, J.H. Kuhn, P. Marquard and M. Steinhauser, Gluinonia: Energy Levels, Production and Decay, Nucl. Phys. B 831 (2010) 285 [arXiv:0910.2612] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  78. [78]
    J.H. Kuhn and S. Ono, Production and Decay of Gluino-Gluino Bound States, Phys. Lett. B 142 (1984) 436 [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  79. [79]
    J.T. Goldman and H. Haber, Gluinonium: The Hydrogen Atom of Supersymmetry, Physica D 15 (1985) 181 [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  80. [80]
    R.N. Mohapatra and S. Nussinov, Possible manifestation of heavy stable colored particles in cosmology and cosmic rays, Phys. Rev. D 57 (1998) 1940 [hep-ph/9708497] [INSPIRE].
  81. [81]
    J. Kang, M.A. Luty and S. Nasri, The relic abundance of long-lived heavy colored particles, JHEP 09 (2008) 086 [hep-ph/0611322] [INSPIRE].
  82. [82]
    N. Arkani-Hamed and S. Dimopoulos, Supersymmetric unification without low energy supersymmetry and signatures for fine-tuning at the LHC, JHEP 06 (2005) 073 [hep-th/0405159] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. [83]
    J. McDonald, WIMP Densities in Decaying Particle Dominated Cosmology, Phys. Rev. D 43 (1991) 1063 [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  84. [84]
    R. Catena, N. Fornengo, A. Masiero, M. Pietroni and F. Rosati, Dark matter relic abundance and scalar-tensor dark energy, Phys. Rev. D 70 (2004) 063519 [astro-ph/0403614] [INSPIRE].
  85. [85]
    C. Cheung, G. Elor, L.J. Hall and P. Kumar, Origins of Hidden Sector Dark Matter I: Cosmology, JHEP 03 (2011) 042 [arXiv:1010.0022] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  86. [86]
    B.S. Acharya, G. Kane, S. Watson and P. Kumar, A Non-thermal WIMP Miracle, Phys. Rev. D 80 (2009) 083529 [arXiv:0908.2430] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  87. [87]
    R.J. Scherrer and M.S. Turner, Decaying Particles Do Not Heat Up the Universe, Phys. Rev. D 31 (1985) 681 [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar
  88. [88]
    G. Lazarides, C. Panagiotakopoulos and Q. Shafi, Relaxing the Cosmological Bound on Axions, Phys. Lett. B 192 (1987) 323 [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  89. [89]
    D.H. Lyth, Dilution of cosmological densities by saxino decay, Phys. Rev. D 48 (1993) 4523 [hep-ph/9306293] [INSPIRE].
  90. [90]
    A.E. Faraggi, Toward the classification of the realistic free fermionic models, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 14 (1999) 1663 [hep-th/9708112] [INSPIRE].ADSMathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  91. [91]
    O. Lebedev et al., A mini-landscape of exact MSSM spectra in heterotic orbifolds, Phys. Lett. B 645 (2007) 88 [hep-th/0611095] [INSPIRE].ADSMathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  92. [92]
    L.B. Anderson, A. Constantin, J. Gray, A. Lukas and E. Palti, A Comprehensive Scan for Heterotic SU(5) GUT models, JHEP 01 (2014) 047 [arXiv:1307.4787] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. [93]
    F. Gmeiner, R. Blumenhagen, G. Honecker, D. Lüst and T. Weigand, One in a billion: MSSM-like D-brane statistics, JHEP 01 (2006) 004 [hep-th/0510170] [INSPIRE].ADSMathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  94. [94]
    R. Blumenhagen, V. Braun, T.W. Grimm and T. Weigand, GUTs in Type IIB Orientifold Compactifications, Nucl. Phys. B 815 (2009) 1 [arXiv:0811.2936] [INSPIRE].ADSMathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  95. [95]
    B.S. Acharya, M theory, Joyce orbifolds and super Yang-Mills, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 3 (1999) 227 [hep-th/9812205] [INSPIRE].MathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  96. [96]
    J. Halverson and D.R. Morrison, On gauge enhancement and singular limits in G 2 compactifications of M-theory, JHEP 04 (2016) 100 [arXiv:1507.05965] [INSPIRE].ADSMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  97. [97]
    B.S. Acharya, S.A.R. Ellis, G.L. Kane, B.D. Nelson and M.J. Perry, The lightest visible-sector supersymmetric particle is likely to be unstable, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117 (2016) 181802 [arXiv:1604.05320] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  98. [98]
    A. Grassi, J. Halverson, J. Shaneson and W. Taylor, Non-Higgsable QCD and the Standard Model Spectrum in F-theory, JHEP 01 (2015) 086 [arXiv:1409.8295] [INSPIRE].ADSMathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  99. [99]
    J. Halverson and W. Taylor, \( {\mathrm{\mathbb{P}}}^1 \) -bundle bases and the prevalence of non-Higgsable structure in 4D F-theory models, JHEP 09 (2015) 086 [arXiv:1506.03204] [INSPIRE].ADSMathSciNetCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  100. [100]
    W. Taylor and Y.-N. Wang, The F-theory geometry with most flux vacua, JHEP 12 (2015) 164 [arXiv:1511.03209] [INSPIRE].ADSMathSciNetGoogle Scholar
  101. [101]
    J. Halverson, Strong Coupling in F-theory and Geometrically Non-Higgsable Seven-branes, Nucl. Phys. B 919 (2017) 267 [arXiv:1603.01639] [INSPIRE].ADSMathSciNetCrossRefMATHGoogle Scholar
  102. [102]
    B. von Harling and A. Hebecker, Sequestered Dark Matter, JHEP 05 (2008) 031 [arXiv:0801.4015] [INSPIRE].ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  103. [103]
    J.E. Juknevich, D. Melnikov and M.J. Strassler, A Pure-Glue Hidden Valley I. States and Decays, JHEP 07 (2009) 055 [arXiv:0903.0883] [INSPIRE].
  104. [104]
    C. Englert, K. Nordström and M. Spannowsky, Towards resolving strongly-interacting dark sectors at colliders, Phys. Rev. D 94 (2016) 055028 [arXiv:1606.05359] [INSPIRE].ADSGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© The Author(s) 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  • Bobby S. Acharya
    • 1
    • 2
  • Malcolm Fairbairn
    • 1
  • Edward Hardy
    • 2
    • 3
  1. 1.Kings College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
  2. 2.Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical PhysicsTriesteItaly
  3. 3.Department of Mathematical SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom

Personalised recommendations