Kind en Adolescent

, Volume 30, Issue 4, pp 231–242 | Cite as

Genen in ontwikkeling

  • Marian M. J. Bakermans-Kranenburg
Artikelen
  • 651 Downloads

Samenvatting

De invloed van opvoeding op kinderen is in de afgelopen decennia soms flink ter discussie gesteld; de invloed van genen zou in verhouding veel groter zijn. Recente genetische studies wijzen op het samenspel van genen en omgeving (gen-omgevinginteractie ofwel g×e) en proberen gedeelde en ongedeelde omgevingsinvloeden te specificeren). In onze eigen studies naar gehechtheid en externaliserend probleemgedrag vonden we geen hoofdeffecten voor genetische factoren, maar wel consistente g×e-effecten. Aan de hand van die resultaten wordt het verschil besproken tussen risicogenen en verschil in ontvankelijkheid als context voor de interpretatie van g×e-effecten (bij zowel kinderen als ouders). Genen die invloed hebben op het dopaminesysteem spelen wellicht een rol bij het verklaren van verschillen in ontvankelijkheid voor invloeden uit de omgeving. Zorgvuldige meting van zowel genen als omgeving, en deskundige interventie als beïnvloeding van de (opvoedings)omgeving zijn essentieel voor goed onderzoek naar de rol van genen en omgeving in de ontwikkeling.

Summaries

Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2009). Gene development. Kind en Adolescent, 30 (4), 231-242

Over the past few decades, the effects of parenting have sometimes been seriously queried by behavioural genetic research. Recent genetic studies ascribe more influence to parenting, seeking to answer specific questions of shared and non-shared environment and directed at the interplay between nature and nurture (gene-environment interaction, g×e). In our research we found no genetic main effects on attachment quality or externalizing behaviour, but we did find rather consistent gene-by-environment interaction effects. These findings are used here to illustrate the difference between ‘genetic risk’ and ‘differential susceptibility’ as frameworks for the interpretation of g×e effects in both children and parents. It appears that dopamine-related genes may play a part in explaining differential susceptibility to the environment. Careful assessment of both genes and environment, and professional intervention as manipulation of the (rearing) environment are crucial for high-quality research into genetic and environmental influences on child development.

differential susceptibility genetics gene-environment interaction 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Literatuur

  1. Alink, L. R. A., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Mesman, J., Juffer, F., & Koot, H. M. (2008). Cortisol and externalizing behavior in children and adolescents: Mixed meta-analytic evidence for the inverse relation of basal cortisol and cortisol reactivity with externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychobiology, 50, 427-450.Google Scholar
  2. Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2006). Gene-environment interaction of the dopamine d4 receptor (drd4) and observed maternal insensitivity predicting externalizing behavior in preschoolers. Developmental Psychobiology, 48, 406-409.Google Scholar
  3. Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Genetic vulnerability or differential susceptibility in child development: The case of attachment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 1160-1173.Google Scholar
  4. Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2004). No association of the dopamine d4 receptor (drd4) and -521 c/t promoter polymorphisms with infant attachment disorganization. Attachment and Human Development, 6, 211-218.Google Scholar
  5. Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bokhorst, C. L., & Schuengel, C. (2004). The importance of shared environment in infant-father attachment: A behavioral genetic study of the Attachment Q-Sort. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 545-549.Google Scholar
  6. Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Mesman, J., Alink, L. R. A., & Juffer, F. (2008). Effects of an attachment-based intervention on daily cortisol moderated by drd4: A randomized control trial on 1-3-year-olds screened for externalizing behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 805-820.Google Scholar
  7. Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Pijlman, F. T. A., Mesman, J., & Juffer, F. (2008). Differential susceptibility to intervention: dopamine d4 receptor polymorphism (drd4 vntr) moderates effects on toddlers’ externalizing behavior in a randomized control trial. Developmental Psychology, 44, 293-300.Google Scholar
  8. Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). For better and for worse: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 300-304.Google Scholar
  9. Bokhorst, C. L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Fearon, P., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Fonagy, P., & Schuengel, C. (2003). The importance of shared environment in mother-infant attachment security: A behavioral genetic study. Child Development, 74, 1769-1782.Google Scholar
  10. Breimer, D. D. (2007). De maat der dingen. (Diesoratie.) Leiden: Universiteit Leiden.Google Scholar
  11. Bruder, C. E. G., Piotrowski, A., Gijsbers, A. A. C. J., Andersson, R., Erickson, S., Diaz de Stahl, T., e.a. (2008). Phenotypically concordant and discordant monozygotic twins display different dna copy-number-variation profiles. American Journal of Human Genetics, 82, 763-771.Google Scholar
  12. Caspers, K., Yucuis, R., Troutman B., Arndt, S., & Langbehn, D. (2007). A sibling adoption study of adult attachment: The influence of shared environment on attachment states of mind. Attachment and Human Development, 9, 375-391.Google Scholar
  13. Champagne, D. L., Bagot, R. C., Van Hasselt, F., Ramakers, G., Meaney, M. J., De Kloet, E.R., e.a. (2008). Maternal care and hippocampal plasticity: Evidence for experience-dependent structural plasticity, altered synaptic functioning, and differential responsiveness to glucocorticoids and stress. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 6037- 6045.Google Scholar
  14. Curtis, J. W., & Nelson, C. A. (2003). Toward building a better brain: Neurobehavioral outcomes, mechanisms, and processes of environmental enrichment. In S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 463-488). Londen: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  15. Eaves, L., Heath, A., Martin, N., Maes, H., Neale, M., Kendler, K., Kirk, K., & Corey, L. (1999). Comparing the biological and cultural inheritance of personality and social attitudes in the Virginia 30,000 study of twins and their relatives. Twin Research, 2, 62-80.Google Scholar
  16. Fearon, R. M. P., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Fonagy, P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Schuengel, C., & Bokhorst, C. L. (2006). In search of shared and non-shared environmental factors in security of attachment: A behavior-genetic study of the association between sensitivity and attachment security. Developmental Psychology, 42, 1026-1040.Google Scholar
  17. Fraga, M. F., Ballestar, E., Paz, M. F., Ropero, S., Setien, F., Ballestar, M. L., e.a. (2005). Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 10604-10609.Google Scholar
  18. Gunning, J. H., Banning, W., Ten Bokkel Huinink, A., Hoogveld, J., Kohnstamm, Ph., Van Rooy, A. H. M. J., e.a. (1938). Ons kind. Gids voor jonge ouders. Amsterdam: Wereldbibliotheek.Google Scholar
  19. Harris, J. R. (1999). Het misverstand opvoeding. Over de invloed van ouders op kinderen. Amsterdam: Contact.Google Scholar
  20. Henig, R. M. (2000). The monk in the garden. The lost and found genius of Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics. New York: Mariner Books.Google Scholar
  21. Heselmans, M. (2007). Revolutie in dna sequencing brengt duizend-dollargenoom nabij. NRC Handelsblad, 13 oktober 2007.Google Scholar
  22. Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2008). Promoting positive parenting: An attachment-based intervention. Mahwah, nj: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
  23. Klein, T. A., Neumann, J., Reuter, M., Hennig, J., Von Cramon, D. Y., & Ullsperger, M. (2007). Genetically determined learning from errors. Science, 318, 1642-1645.Google Scholar
  24. Lakatos, K., Nemoda, Z., Toth, I., Ronai, Z., Ney, K., Sasvari-Szekely, M., e.a. (2002). Further evidence for the role of the dopamine d4 receptor (drd4) gene in attachment disorganization: Interaction of the exon iii 48-bp repeat and the 521 c/t promoter polymorphisms. Molecular Psychiatry, 7, 27-31.Google Scholar
  25. Lakatos, K., Toth, I., Nemoda, Z., Ney, K., Sasvari-Szekely, M., & Gervai, J. (2000). Dopamine d4 receptor (drd4) gene polymorphism is associated with attachment disorganization in infants. Molecular Psychiatry, 5, 633-637.Google Scholar
  26. McGuffin, P., Riley, B., & Plomin, R. (2001). Toward behavioral genomics. Science, 291, 1232-1249.Google Scholar
  27. Meaney, M. J. (2001). Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 1161-1192.Google Scholar
  28. Meaney, M. J., & Szyf, M. (2005). Maternal care as a model for experience-dependent chromatin plasticity? Trends in Neurosciences, 28, 456-463.Google Scholar
  29. Munafo, M. R., Yalcin, B., Willis-Owen, S. A., & Flint, J. (2008). Association of the dopamine D4 receptor (drd4) gene and approach-related personality traits: Meta-analysis and new data. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 197-206.Google Scholar
  30. Oates, N. A., Van Vliet, J., Duffy, D. L., Kroes, H. Y., Martin, N. G., Boomsma, D. I., Campbell, M., Coulthard, M. G., Whitelaw, E., & Chong S. (2008). Increased dna methylation at the axin1 gene in a monozygotic twin from a pair discordant for a caudal duplication anomaly. American Journal of Human Genetics, 79, 155-162.Google Scholar
  31. Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., McClearn, G. E., & McGuffin, P. (2001). Behavioral genetics (4th ed.). New York: Worth.Google Scholar
  32. Rowe, D. C. (1994). The limits of family influence: Genes, experience, and behavior. New York, Guilford.Google Scholar
  33. Tripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2008). Dopamine transfer deficit: A neurobiological theory of altered reinforcement mechanisms in adhd. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 691-704.Google Scholar
  34. Uher, R., & McGuffin, P. (2008). The moderation by the serotonin transporter gene of environmental adversity in the aetiology of mental illness: Review and methodological analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 13, 131-146.Google Scholar
  35. Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1983). Van wijsgerige naar theoretische pedagogiek. Over de taken van de theoretische pedagogiek bij onderzoek naar vroegkinderlijke ontwikkeling. Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus.Google Scholar
  36. Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1984). Answers without questions: a note on response style in questionnaires. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 59, 827-831.Google Scholar
  37. Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2006). drd4 7-repeat polymorphism moderates the association between maternal unresolved loss or trauma and infant disorganization. Attachment and Human Development, 8, 291-307.Google Scholar
  38. Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Schuengel, C., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 225-249.Google Scholar
  39. Van Zeijl, J., Mesman, J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Juffer, F., Stolk, e.a. (2006). Attachment-based intervention for enhancing sensitive discipline in mothers of 1- to 3-year-old children at risk for externalizing behavior problems: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 994-1005.Google Scholar
  40. Waterink, J. (1958). Theorie der opvoeding. Kampen: Kok.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Bohn Stafleu van Loghum 2009

Authors and Affiliations

  • Marian M. J. Bakermans-Kranenburg
    • 1
  1. 1.

Personalised recommendations