Psychologie en Gezondheid

, Volume 36, Issue 3, pp 124–130 | Cite as

De prevalentie en het beloop van lichamelijke klachten na rampen

Artikelen
  • 49 Downloads

summary

The prevalence and course of physical symptoms after disasters

Recently, partly due to the health effects of the Gulf War and the aircraft disaster in the Bijlmermeer in Amsterdam, there is growing recognition that traumatic events can be related to physical symptoms that often remain medically unexplained. Several studies after different kinds of disasters have shown higher levels of physical symptoms among survivors compared to controls. After the fireworks disaster in Enschede, survivors reported significantly more physical symptoms compared to controls up to four years post-disaster. Several risk factors such as female gender, low socio-economic status and psychological problems have consistently been found in studies after disasters. The results from these studies suggest that elevation of physical symptoms is part of the distress reaction following traumatic stress. For that reason, research and post-disaster care should not focus solely on mental health problems among survivors. Future studies that provide insight into factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of physical symptoms, such as cognitions and psychological problems, will be valuable from both a scientific and therapeutic perspective.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Literatuur

  1. American Psychological Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Third Edition. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. Google Scholar
  2. Berg, B. van den, Grievink, L., IJzermans, J., & Lebret, E. (2005a). Medically unexplained physical symptoms in the aftermath of disasters. Epidemiological Reviews, 27, 92-106. Google Scholar
  3. Berg, B. van den, Grievink, L., Stellato, R.K., IJzermans, C.J., Lebret, E. (2005b). Symptoms and related functioning in a traumatized community. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165, 2402-2407.Google Scholar
  4. Berg, B. van den, Grievink, L., Velden, P.G. van der, IJzermans, C.J., Stellato, R.K., Lebret, E., & Brunekreef, B. (2008). Risk factors for physical symptoms after a disaster: a longitudinal study. Psychological Medicine, 38, 499-510.Google Scholar
  5. Berg, B. van den, IJzermans, C.J., Grievink, L., Stellato, R.K., Velden, P.G. van der, Brunekreef, B., & Lebret E. (in press). Risk factors for symptoms after traumatic stress: a 5-year longitudinal study in general practice. Psychosomatics. Google Scholar
  6. Bland, S.H., Valoroso, L., Stranges, S., Strazzullo, P., Farinaro, E., & Trevisan, M. (2005). Long-term follow-up of psychological distress following earthquake experiences among working Italian males: a cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 420-423.Google Scholar
  7. Bromet, E.J., Gluzman, S., Schwartz, J.E., & Goldgaber, D. (2002). Somatic symptoms in women 11 years after the Chernobyl accident: prevalence and risk factors. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 625-629.Google Scholar
  8. Bromet, E.J., Goldgaber, D., Carlson, G., Panina, N., Golovakha, E., Gluzman, S.F., Gilbert, T., Gluzman, D., Lyubsky, S., & Schwartz, J.E. (2000). Children’s well-being 11 years after the Chornobyl catastrophe. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 563-571.Google Scholar
  9. Chung, M.C., Easthope, Y., Chung, C., & Clark-Carter, D. (1999). The relationship between trauma and personality in victims of the Boeing 737-2D6C crash in Coventry. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 617-629.Google Scholar
  10. Engel, C.C. (2003). Somatization and multiple idiopathic physical symptoms: relationship to traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder. In P.P. Schnurr & B.L. Green (Eds..), Trauma and Health: Physical health consequences of exposure to extreme stress (pp. 191-125). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
  11. Feder, A., Olfson, M., Gameroff, M., Fuentes, M., Shea, S., Lantigua, R.A., & Weissman, M.M. (2001). Medically unexplained symptoms in an urban general medicine practice. Psychosomatics, 42, 261-268. Google Scholar
  12. Green, L.A., Fryer, G.E., Yawn, B.P., Lanier, D., & Dovey S.M. (2001). The ecology of medical care revisited. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 2021-2025.Google Scholar
  13. Karanci, A.N., & Rustemli, A. (1995). Psychological consequences of the 1992 Erzincan (Turkey) earthquake. Disasters, 19, 8-18.Google Scholar
  14. Kroenke, K., Arrington, M.E., & Mangelsdorff, A.D. (1990). The prevalence of symptoms in medical outpatients and the adequacy of therapy. Archives of Internal Medicine, 150, 1685-1689.Google Scholar
  15. Kroenke, K., & Mangelsdorff, A.D. (1989). Common symptoms in ambulatory care: incidence, evaluation, therapy and outcome. American Journal of Medicine, 86, 262-266.Google Scholar
  16. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B., Linzer, M., Hahn, S.R., deGruy, F.V. 3rd, & Brody, D. (1994). Physical symptoms in primary care. Predictors of psychiatric disorders and functional impairment. Archives of Family Medicine, 3, 774-779.Google Scholar
  17. Katon, W., Sullivan, M., & Walker, E. (2001). Medical symptoms without identified pathology: relationship to psychiatric disorders, childhood and adult trauma, and personality traits. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134, 917-925.Google Scholar
  18. Lutgendorf, S.K., Antoni, M.H., Ironson, G., Fletcher, M.A., Penedo, F., Baum, A., Schneiderman, N., & Klimas, N. (1995). Physical symptoms of chronic fatigue are exacerbated by the stress of Hurricane Andrew. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 310-323.Google Scholar
  19. McFarlane, A.C., Clayer, J.R., & Bookless, C.L. (1997). Psychiatric morbidity following a natural disaster: an Australian bushfire. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32, 261-268.Google Scholar
  20. Norris, F.H., Slone, L.B., Baker, C.K., & Murphy, A.D. (2006). Early physical consequences of disaster exposure and acute disaster-related PTSD. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 19, 95-110. Google Scholar
  21. Phifer, J.F. (1990). Psychological distress and somatic symptoms after natural disaster: differential vulnerability among older adults. Psychology of Aging, 5, 412-420.Google Scholar
  22. Rief, W., & Nanke, A. (1999). Somatization disorder from a cognitive-psychobiological perspective. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 12, 733-738.Google Scholar
  23. Rief, W., Nanke, A., Emmerich, J., Bender, A., & Zech, T. (2004). Causal illness attributions in somatoform disorders. Associations with comorbidity and illness behavior. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 367-371.Google Scholar
  24. Schnurr, P.P. & Green, B.L. (2003). Understanding relationships among trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder and health outcomes. In P.P. Schnurr & B.L. Green (Eds.), Physical health consequences of exposure to extreme stress. (pp. 247-275). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
  25. Slottje, P., Huizink, A.C., Twisk, J.W., Witteveen, A.B., Ploeg, H.M. van der, Bramsen, I., Smidt, N., Bijlsma, J.A., Bouter, L.M., Mechelen, W. van, & Smid, T. (2005). Epidemiological study air disaster in Amsterdam (ESADA): study design. BMC Public Health, 5, 54.Google Scholar
  26. Slottje, P., Witteveen, A.B., Twisk, J.W., Smidt, N., Huizink, A.C., Mechelen, W.V., & Smid, T. (2007). Post-disaster physical symptoms of firefighters and police officers: Role of types of exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms. British Journal of Health Psychology, epub Apr 5, PMID: 17535500.Google Scholar
  27. Smith, B.W. (1996). Coping as a predictor of outcomes following the 1993 Midwest flood. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 11, 225-239.Google Scholar
  28. Tainaka, H., Oda, H., Nakamura, S., Tabuchi, T., Noda, T., & Mito, H. (1998). Workers’ stress after Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in 1995 – symptoms related to stress after 18 months. Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi, 40, 241-249.Google Scholar
  29. Thomas, H.V., Stimpson, N.J., Weightman, A.L., Dunstan, F., & Lewis, G. (2006). Systematic review f multi-symptom conditions in Gulf War veterans. Psychological Medicine, 36, 735-747.Google Scholar
  30. Vasterman, P., IJzermans, C.J., & Dirkzwager, A.J.E. (2005). The role of the media and media hypes in the aftermath of disasters. Epidemiological Reviews, 27, 107-114. Google Scholar
  31. Velden, P.G. van der, IJzermans, C.J. & Grievink, L. (in press). The Enschede Fireworks Disaster. In Y. Neria, S. Galeo, & F. Norris (Eds), Mental health consequences of disasters. New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
  32. Wessely, S. (2002). The Gulf War and its aftermath. In J.M. Havenaar, J.G. Cwikel, E.J. Bromet (Eds.), Toxic turmoil: psychological and societal consequences of ecological disasters (pp. 101-127). New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers.Google Scholar
  33. Yokoyama, K., Araki, S., Murata, K., Nishikitani, M., Okumura, T., Ishimatsu, S., Takasu, N., &White, R.F. (1998). Chronic neurobehavioral effects of Tokyo subway sarin poisoning in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of Environmental Health, 53, 249-256.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Bohn Stafleu van Loghum 2008

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.

Personalised recommendations