Kind en Adolescent

, Volume 29, Issue 1, pp 31–49 | Cite as

Adoptie als interventie (2)

De opmerkelijke inhaalslag van adoptiekinderen en de plasticiteit van hun ontwikkeling
  • Femmie Juffer en Marinus H. van IJzendoorn
Artikelen

Samenvatting

In dit laatste deel van een tweeluik over adoptie gaan we na of (binnenlandse of internationale) adoptie een effectieve interventie is voor de ontwikkelingsdomeinen van fysieke groei, gehechtheid, cognitieve ontwikkeling en schoolprestaties, zelfwaardering en gedragsproblemen. Door middel van een reeks meta-analyses met meer dan 270 onderzoeken en meer dan 230.000 geadopteerden en niet-geadopteerde leeftijdgenoten toetsten we een model voor de herstelkansen van adoptiekinderen. Hoewel de inhaalslag vergeleken met huidige leeftijdgenoten op sommige ontwikkelingsgebieden (vooral fysieke groei en gehechtheid) niet volledig is, overtreffen de geadopteerden ruimschoots hun achtergebleven leeftijdgenoten. Adoptie vóór twaalf maanden gaat gepaard met een meer volledige inhaalslag dan adoptie na de eerste verjaardag wat betreft lengte, gehechtheid en schoolprestaties. Bij internationale adoptie is er in de meeste ontwikkelingsdomeinen niet minder inhaalgroei dan bij binnenlandse adoptie.

adoptie meta-analyses inhaalslag 

Abstract

Juffer, F., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2008). Adoption as intervention (2); the remarkable catch-up of adoptive children and the plasticity of their development, Kind en Adolescent, 29 (1), 31-49.

This second article examines whether (domestic or international) adoption is an effective intervention in the developmental domains of physical growth, attachment security, cognitive development and school achievement, self-esteem and behavioural problems. Through a series of meta-analyses, an adoption catch-up model was tested on over 270 studies that include more than 230,000 adopted and non-adopted children. Although catch-up with current peers was incomplete in some developmental domains (physical growth and attachment in particular), adopted children largely outperformed their peers. For height, attachment, and school achievement, adoption prior to the age of twelve months was associated with more complete catch-up than adoption after the first birthday. International adoption did not show less catch-up than domestic adoption in most developmental domains.

Keywords

adoption meta-analyses catch-up 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Referenties

  1. Achenbach, T. M. (1991a). Manual for the Teacher’s Report Form and 1991 Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
  2. Achenbach, T. M. (1991b). Manual for the Child behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 Profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
  3. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709-716.Google Scholar
  4. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
  5. Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2003). Less is more: Meta-analysis of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 195-215.Google Scholar
  6. Block, J., & Block, J. H. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology (pp. 39-101). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
  7. Bowlby, J. (1944). Forty-four juvenile thieves: their characters and home life. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 25, 19-52 and 107-127.Google Scholar
  8. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment, Vol. 1 of Attachment and loss. London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
  9. Bowlby, J. (1973). Separation: Anxiety & Anger. Vol. 2 of Attachment and Loss. London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
  10. Bowlby, J. (1979). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. London: Tavistock/Routledge.Google Scholar
  11. Bretherton, I., & Mulholland, K. A. (1999). Internal working models in attachment relationships: A construct revisited. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment (pp. 89-111). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
  12. Brodzinsky, D. M. (1990). A stress and coping model of adoption adjustment. In D.M. Brodzinsky & M.D. Schechter (Eds.), The psychology of adoption (pp. 3-24). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  13. Brodzinsky, D. M., Schechter, M. D., & Henig, R. M. (1992). Being adopted: The lifelong search for self. New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday.Google Scholar
  14. Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. (Eds.) (1999), Handbook of attachment. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
  15. Chaffin, M., Hanson, R., Saunders, B. E., Nichols, T., Barnett, D., Zeanah, C., e.a. (2006). Report of the APSAC Task Force on attachment therapy, reactive attachment disorder, and attachment problems. Child Maltreatment, 11, 76-89.Google Scholar
  16. Chisholm, K. (1998). A three year follow-up of attachment and indiscriminate friendliness in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Child Development, 69, 1092-1106.Google Scholar
  17. Chugani, H. T., Behen, M. E., Muzik, O., Juhasz, C., Nagy, F., & Chugani, D. C. (2001). Local brain functional activity following early deprivation: A study of postinstitutionalized Romanian orphans. Neuroimage, 14, 1290-1301.Google Scholar
  18. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences (rev. edn.). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  19. Dennis, W. (1973). Children of the crèche. New York: Appleton Century Crofts.Google Scholar
  20. Dickens, W. T., & Flynn, J. R. (2001). Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved. Psychological review, 108, 346-369.Google Scholar
  21. Dries, L. van den, Juffer, F., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2007). Fostering Security? A Meta-Analysis of Attachment in Adopted and Foster Children. Ingediend manuscript.Google Scholar
  22. Dunn, J., & Hughes, C. (1998). Young children’s understanding of emotions within close relationships. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 171-190.Google Scholar
  23. Fisher, L., Ames, E. W., Chisholm, K, & Savoie, L. (1997). Problems reported by parents of Romanian orphans adopted to British Columbia. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20, 67-82.Google Scholar
  24. Fries, A. B. W., Ziegler, T. E., Kurian, J. R., Jacoris, S., & Pollak, S. D. (2005). Early experience in humans is associated with changes in neuropeptides critical for regulating social behavior. PNAS, 102, 17237-17240.Google Scholar
  25. Gunnar, M. R., Bruce, J., & Grotevant, H. D. (2000). International adoption of institutionally reared children: Research and policy. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 677-693.Google Scholar
  26. Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self. A developmental perspective. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
  27. Hjern, A., Lindblad, F., & Vinnerljung, B. (2002). Suicide, psychiatric illness, and social maladjustment in intercountry adoptees in Sweden: a cohort study. Lancet, 360, 443-448.Google Scholar
  28. Howe, D. (2003). Attachment disorders: Disinhibited attachment behaviours and secure base distortions with special reference to adopted children. Attachment and Human Development, 5, 265-270.Google Scholar
  29. Hrdy, S. B. (1999). Mother nature: A history of mothers, infants, and natural selection. London: Vintage.Google Scholar
  30. Humphrey, M, & Ounsted, C. (1963). Adoptive families referred for psychiatric advice. I. The children. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 109, 599-608.Google Scholar
  31. Johnson, D. E. (2000a). Medical and developmental sequelae of early childhood institutionalization in eastern European adoptees. Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology, 31, 113-162.Google Scholar
  32. Johnson, D. E. (2000b). Long-term medical issues in international adoptees. Pediatric Annals, 29, 234-241.Google Scholar
  33. Juffer, F. (1993). Verbonden door adoptie. Een experimenteel onderzoek naar hechting en competentie in gezinnen met een adoptiebaby. Amersfoort: Academische Uitgeverij.Google Scholar
  34. Juffer, F. (2002). Adoptie: een optie voor kind en gezin? Leiden: Universiteit Leiden (inaugurele rede).Google Scholar
  35. Juffer, F. (2006). Children’s awareness of adoption and their problem behavior in families with 7-year-old internationally adopted children. Adoption Quarterly, 9(2/3), 1-22.Google Scholar
  36. Juffer, F. (2007). Een halve eeuw adoptie en pleegzorg. In G. Cardol & W. Theunissen (Red.), Het kind: bijzonder belangrijk (pp. 139-152). Amsterdam: Uitgeverij SWP.Google Scholar
  37. Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2005). The importance of parenting in the development of disorganized attachment: Evidence from a preventive intervention study in adoptive families. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 263-274.Google Scholar
  38. Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (Eds.) (2008). Promoting positive parenting: An attachment-based intervention. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum/Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
  39. Juffer, F., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2004). Adopted children’s problem behavior is significantly related to their ego resiliency, ego control, and sociometric status. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 697-706.Google Scholar
  40. Juffer, F., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2005). Behavior problems and mental health referrals of international adoptees: A meta-analysis. JAMA - The Journal of the American Medical Association, 293, 2501-2515.Google Scholar
  41. Juffer, F., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2006, July). International adoption comes of age: Development of international adoptees from a longitudinal and meta-analytic perspective. Keynote lecture presented at the Second International Conference on Adoption Research, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.Google Scholar
  42. Juffer, F., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Adoptees do not lack self-esteem: A meta-analysis of studies on self-esteem of transracial, international, and domestic adoptees. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 1067-1083.Google Scholar
  43. Leon, I. G. (2002). Adoption losses: naturally occurring or socially constructed? Child Development, 73, 652-663.Google Scholar
  44. McGuinness, T., & Pallansch, L. (2000). Competence of children adopted from the former Soviet Union. Family Relations, 49, 457-464.Google Scholar
  45. Miller, L. C. (2005a). International adoption, behavior, and mental health. JAMA - the Journal of the American Medical Association, 25, 2533-2535.Google Scholar
  46. Miller, L. C. (2005b). The handbook of international adoption medicine. A guide for physicians, parents, and providers. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  47. Ministerie van Justitie (2007). Adoptie. Trends en analyse. Den Haag.Google Scholar
  48. Mul, D., Oostdijk, W., & Drop, S. L. S. (2002). Early puberty in adopted children. Hormone Research, 57, 1-9.Google Scholar
  49. Nickman, S. L., Rosenfeld, A. A., Fine, P., Macintyre, J. C., Pilowsky, D. J., Howe, R. A., e.a. (2005). Children in adoptive families: Overview and update. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 987-995.Google Scholar
  50. O’ Connor, T. G., Rutter, M., Beckett, C., Keaveney, L., Kreppner, J. M., & English-&-Romanian-Adoptees-Study-Team (2000). The effects of global severe privation on cognitive competence: Extension and longitudinal follow-up. Child Development, 71, 376-390.Google Scholar
  51. O’Connor, T. G., Rutter, M., & the English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team (2000). Attachment disorder behavior following early severe deprivation: Extension and longitudinal follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 703–712.Google Scholar
  52. O’Connor, Th. G., & Zeanah, C. H. (2003). Attachment disorders: Assessment strategies and treatment approaches. Attachment and Human Development, 5, 223-244.Google Scholar
  53. Oostdijk, W., Rikken, B., Schreuder, S., Otten, B., Odink, R., Rouwe, C., e.a. (1996). Final height in central precocious puberty after long term treatment with a slow release GnRH agonist. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 75, 292-297.Google Scholar
  54. Palacios, J., & Sanchez, Y. (1996). Adopted and non-adopted children: A comparative study/Ninos adoptados y no adoptados: un estudio comparativo. Anuario de Psicologia, 71, 63-85.Google Scholar
  55. Pinderhughes, E. E. (1998). Short term placement outcomes for children adopted after age five. Children and Youth Services Review, 20, 223-249Google Scholar
  56. Proos, L. A., Hofvander, Y., Wennqvist, K., & Tuvemo, T. (1992a). A longitudinal-study on anthropometric and clinical development of Indian children adopted in Sweden. 1. Clinical and anthropometric condition at arrival. Uppsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 97, 79-92.Google Scholar
  57. Proos, L. A., Hofvander, Y., Wennqvist, K., & Tuvemo, T. (1992b). A longitudinal-study on anthropometric and clinical development of Indian children adopted in Sweden. 2. Growth, morbidity and development during 2 years after arrival in Sweden. Uppsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 97, 93-106.Google Scholar
  58. Rawls, J. (1980). A theory of justice. Cambridge: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
  59. Rutter, M., O’Connor, T.G., & the English and Romanian Adoptees Study Team (2004). Are there biological programming effects for psychological development? Findings from a study of Romanian adoptees. Developmental Psychology, 40, 81-94.Google Scholar
  60. Schechter, M. D. (1960). Observations on adopted children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 3, 21-32.Google Scholar
  61. Selman, P. (2005, September). Trends in intercountry adoption 1998-2003: A demographic analysis. Paper presented at the First Global Conference on Adoption Research, Copenhagen, Denmark.Google Scholar
  62. Sprangers, A., De Jong, J., & Van Zee, M. (2006). Halve eeuw adopties in Nederland. Demos, Bulletin over bevolking en samenleving, 22, 97-101.Google Scholar
  63. Sroufe, L. A. (1979). The coherence of individual development: Early care, attachment, and subsequent developmental issues. American Psychologist, 34, 834-841.Google Scholar
  64. Sroufe, L. A. (1990). Considering normal and abnormal together: The essence of developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 335-347.Google Scholar
  65. Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., Carlson, E. A., & Collins, W. A. (2005). The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. New York: Guilford Publications.Google Scholar
  66. Stams, G. J. J. M., Juffer, F., Rispens, J., & Hoksbergen, R. A. C. (2000). The development and adjustment of 7-year old children adopted in infancy. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 1025-1037.Google Scholar
  67. Stein, A., Woolley, H., Senior, R., Hertzmann, L., Lovel, M., Lee, J., e.a. (2006). Treating disturbances in the relationship between mothers with eating disorders and their infants: a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 899-906.Google Scholar
  68. Tizard, B. (1977). Adoption: A second chance. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
  69. Tizard, B., & Rees, J. (1975). The effect of early institutional rearing on the behaviour problems and affectional relationships of four-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 16, 61-73.Google Scholar
  70. Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Attachment, emergent morality, and aggression: Toward a developmental socioemotional model of antisocial behaviour. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21, 703-727.Google Scholar
  71. Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2005). Adoption is a successful natural intervention enhancing adopted children’s iq and school performance. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 326-330.Google Scholar
  72. Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2008). Adoptie als interventie (1). Historische, ethologische en ethische achtergronden, Kind en Adolescent, 29, 17-30.Google Scholar
  73. Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Juffer, F. (2007). Plasticity of growth in height, weight and head circumference: Meta-analytic evidence of massive catch-up after international adoption. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 28, 334-343. Google Scholar
  74. Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Juffer, F., & Klein Poelhuis, C. W. (2005). Adoption and cognitive development: A meta-analytic comparison of adopted and non-adopted children’s iq and school performance. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 301-316.Google Scholar
  75. Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Schuengel, C., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 225-249.Google Scholar
  76. Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Vereijken, C. M. J. L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Riksen-Walraven, J. M. (2004). Assessing attachment security with the attachment Q sort: Meta-analytic evidence for the validity of the observer aqs. Child Development, 75, 1188-1213.Google Scholar
  77. Van Lieshout, C. F. M., Riksen-Walraven, J. M. A., Brink, P. W. M. ten, Siebenheller, F. A., Meij, J. T. H. Koot., e.a. (1986). Zelfstandigheidsontwikkeling in het basisonderwijs. (Competence development in elementary school). Nijmegen, The Netherlands: University of Nijmegen: ITS.Google Scholar
  78. Van der Linden, A. P. (2006). Adoptierecht. Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers.Google Scholar
  79. Van Londen, W. M., Juffer, F., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Attachment, cognitive and motor development in adopted children: Short-term outcomes after international adoption. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 1249-1258.Google Scholar
  80. Vaughn, B. E., & Waters, E. (1990). Attachment behavior at home and in the laboratory - Q-sort observations and Strange Situation classifications of one-year-olds. Child Development, 61, 1965-1973.Google Scholar
  81. Verhulst, F. C., & Versluis-den Bieman H. J. (1995). Developmental course of problem behaviors in adolescent adoptees. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 151-159.Google Scholar
  82. Verhulst, F. C., Althaus, M., & Versluis-den Bieman, H. J. M. V. (1990). Problem behavior in international adoptees: I. An epidemiological study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 94-103.Google Scholar
  83. Versluis-den Bieman, H. J., & Verhulst F. C. (1995). Self-reported and parent reported problems in adolescent international adoptees. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 1411-1428.Google Scholar
  84. Vorria, P., Papaligoura, Z., Dunn, J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Steele, H., Kontopoulou, A., & Sarafidou, Y. (2003). Early experiences and attachment relationships of Greek infants raised in residential group care. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 1208–1220.Google Scholar
  85. Vorria, P., Papaligoura, Z., Sarafidou, J., Kopakaki, M., Dunn, J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H. & Kontopoulou, A. (2006). The development of adopted children after institutional care: A follow-up study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 1246-1253.Google Scholar
  86. Wachs, T. D. (2000). Nutritional deficits and behavioural development. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24, 435-441.Google Scholar
  87. Warren, S. B. (1992). Lower threshold for referral for psychiatric treatment for adopted adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 512-517.Google Scholar
  88. Zeanah, C. H., Smyke, A. T., Koga, S. F., & Carlson, E. (2005). Attachment in institutionalized and community children in Romania. Child Development, 76, 1015-1028.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Bohn Stafleu van Loghum 2008

Authors and Affiliations

  • Femmie Juffer en Marinus H. van IJzendoorn
    • 1
  1. 1.

Personalised recommendations