Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion

, Volume 27, Issue 6, pp 665–670 | Cite as

Interdiffusion in γ (face-centered cubic) Ni-Cr-X (X=Al, Si, Ge, or Pd) alloys at 900 °C

  • Narayana Garimella
  • Yongho Sohn
  • M. P. Brady
Section I: Basic And Applied Research
Received:
Revised:

Abstract

Interdiffusion in nickel (Ni)-chromium (Cr) (face-centered cubic γ phase) alloys with small additions of aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), or palladium (Pd) was investigated using solid-to-solid diffusion couples. Ni-Cr-X alloys having compositions of Ni-22at.% Cr, Ni-21at.%Cr-6.2at.%Al, Ni-22at.%Cr-4.0at.%Si, Ni-22at.%Cr-1.6at.%Ge, and Ni-22at.%Cr-1.6at.%Pd were manufactured by arc casting. The diffusion couples were assembled in an Invar steel jig, encapsulated in Ar after several hydrogen purges, and annealed at 900 °C in a three-zone tube furnace for 168 h. Experimental concentration profiles were determined from polished cross sections of these couples by using electron probe microanalysis with pure element standards. Interdiffusion fluxes of individual components were calculated directly from the experimental concentration profiles, and the moments of interdiffusion fluxes were examined to determine the average ternary interdiffusion coefficients. The effects of ternary alloying additions on the diffusional behavior of Ni-Cr-X alloys are presented in the light of the diffusional interactions and the formation of a protective Cr2O3 scale.

Keywords

Boltzmann/Matano analysis diffusion couples diffusivity coefficient experimental study interdiffusion multicomponent diffusion ternary system 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    C.T. Sims, N.S. Stoloff, and W.C. Hagel,Superalloys II, John Wiley and Sons, 1987Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    P. Kofsted, Growth and Protective Properties of Chromia (Cr2O3) and Alumina (Al2O3) Scales, Protective Coatings,High Temperature Corrosion, Elsevier, London, 1980, p 389–423Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    J.L. Smialek, C.A. Barrett, and J.C. Schaffer, Design for Oxidation Resistance,ASM Handbook, Vol. 20, Materials Selection and Design, George E. Dieter, Ed., ASM International, 1997, p 589–602Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    F.H. Stott, G.C. Wood, and M.G. Hobby, A Comparison of the Oxidation Behavior of Fe-Cr-Al, NI-Cr-Al and Co-Cr-Al Alloys,Oxid. Met., 1971,3, p 103–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    C.E. Lowell, A Scanning Electron Microscope Study of the Surface Morphology of TD-NiCr Oxidized at 800 °C to 1200 °C,Oxid. Met., 1972,5, p 205–220CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    C.E. Lowell, Cyclic and Isothermal Oxidation Behavior on Some Ni-Cr Alloys,Oxid. Met., 1973,7, p 95–115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    G.M. Ecer and G.H. Meier, Oxidation of High-Ehromium Ni-Cr Alloys,Oxid. Met., 1979,13, p 119–158CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    G. Benabderrazik, G. Moulin, and A.M. Huntz, Relation Between Impurities and Oxide-Scale Growth Mechanisms on Ni-34Cr and Ni-20Cr Alloys: I. Influence of C, Mn, and Si,Oxid. Met., 1990,33, p 191–235CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    J.F. Schmitt, N. Pacia, P. Pigeat, and B. Weber, Study of the Initial Oxidation of a Ni-20Cr Alloy in the Temperature Range 550–830 °C: Influence of Mechanical Deformation,Oxid. Met., 1995,44, p 429–452CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    C.K. Kim and L.W. Hobbs, Microstructural Evidence for Short-Circuit Oxygen Diffusion Paths in the Oxidation of a Dilute Ni-Cr Alloy,Oxid. Met., 1996,45, p 247–265CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    B. Ahmad and P. Fox, STEM Analysis of the Transient Oxidation of a Ni-20Cr Alloy at High Temperature,Oxid. Met., 1998,52, p 113–138CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    J.R. Nicholls and M.J. Bennett, Cyclic Oxidation-Guidelines for Test Standardization, Aimed at the Assessment of Service Behavior,Mater. High Temp., 2000,17, p 413–428CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    B. Li and B. Gleeson, Effect of Silicon on Oxidation Behavior of Ni-Base Chromia-Forming Alloys,Oxid. Met., 2006,65, p 101–122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. 14.
    F.H. Stott, G.C. Wood, and J. Stringer, The Influence of Alloying Elements on the Development and Maintenance of Protective Scales,Oxid. Met., 1995,44, p 113–145CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    D.P. Whittle and J. Stringer, Improvements in High Temperature Oxidation Resistance by Additions of Reactive Elements or Oxide Dispersions,Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. A, 1980,295, p 309–329CrossRefADSGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    G.C. Wood and F.H. Scott, Oxidation of Metals,Mater. Sci. Technol., 1987,3, p 519–530Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    G.C. Wood, J.A. Richards, M.G. Hobby, and J. Boustead, Identification of Thin Healing Layers at Based of Oxide Scale on Fe-Cr Base Alloys,Corros. Sci., 1969,9, p 659–671CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    A.G. Revsz and F.P. Fehlner, The Role of Noncrystalline Films in the Oxidation and Corrosion of Metals,Oxid. Met., 1981,15, p 297–321CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    M.J. Bennett, J.A. Desport, and P.A. Labun, Analytical Electron Microscopy of a Selective Oxide Scale Formed on 20% Cr-25% Ni-Nb Stainless Steel,Oxid. Met., 1984,22, p 291–306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    M.J. Bennett, J.A. Despota, and P.A. Labun, Transverse Microstructue of an Oxide Scale Formed on a 20%Cr-25%Ni-Nb Stabilized Stainless Steel,Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. A, 1987,412, p 223–230ADSCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. 21.
    R.C. Lobb, J.A. Sasse, and H.E. Evans, Dependence of Oxidation Behavior on Silicon Content of 20%Cr Austenitic Steels,Mater. Sci. Technol., 1989,5, p 828–834Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    W.C. Hagel, Oxidation of Iron Nickel and Cobalt-Base Alloys Containing Aluminum,Corrosion, 1965,21, p 316–326Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    J.A. Nesbitt, Numerical Modeling of High-Temperature Corrosion Processes,Oxid. Met., 1995,44, p 309–338CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. 24.
    H.E. Evans, A.T. Donaldson, and T.C. Gilmour, Mechanisms of Breakaway Oxidation and Application to a Chromia-Forming Steel,Oxid. Met., 1999,52, p 379–402CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. 25.
    J.A. Nesbitt and R.W. Heckel, Interdiffusion in Ni-Rich, Ni-Cr-Al Alloys at 1100 and 1200°C: Part I. Diffusion Paths and Microstructures,Metall. Trans. A, 1987,18A, p 2061–2086ADSGoogle Scholar
  26. 26.
    C.S. Giggin and F.S. Pettit, Oxidation of Ni-Cr-Al Alloys Between 1000 and 1200 °C,J. Electrochem. Soc., 1971,118, p 1782–1790CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. 27.
    B.A. Pint, J.R. Keiser, “Alloy Selection for High Temperature Heat Exchangers,” NACE Paper 06-469, presented at NACE Corrosion 2006 (San Diego, CA), NACE International, March 2006Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    M.P. Brady, B. Gleeson, and I.G. Wright, Alloy Design Strategies for Promoting Protective Oxide Scale Formation,JOM, 2000,52, p 16–21CrossRefADSGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    D.J. Young and B. Gleeson, Alloy Phase Transformations Driven by High Temperature Corrosion Processes,Corros. Sci., 2002,44, p 345–357CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 30.
    L. Onsager, Theories and Problems of Liquid Diffusion,Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1965,46, p 241–265CrossRefADSGoogle Scholar
  31. 31.
    M.A. Dayananda and C.W. Kim, Zero-Flux Planes and Flux Reversals in Cu-Ni-Zn Diffusion Couples,Metall. Trans. A, 1979,10A, p 1333–1339ADSGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    M.A. Dayananda and Y.H. Sohn, Average Effective Interdiffusion Coefficients and Their Applications for Isothermal Multicomponent Diffusion Couples,Scr. Mater., 1996,40, p 683–688CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 33.
    M.A. Dayananda and Y.H. Sohn, A New Approach for the Determination of Interdiffusion Coefficients in Ternary Systems,Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1999,30A, p 535–543CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 34.
    M.S. Thompson, J.E. Morral, and A.D. Romig Jr., Applications of the Square Root Diffusivity to Diffusion in Ni-Al-Cr Alloys,Metall. Trans. A, 1990,21A, p 2679–2685ADSGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© ASM International 2006

Authors and Affiliations

  • Narayana Garimella
    • 1
  • Yongho Sohn
    • 1
  • M. P. Brady
    • 2
  1. 1.Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center and Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of Central FloridaOrlando
  2. 2.Materials Science and Technology DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge

Personalised recommendations