Interspecific differences and discrimination of auditory and olfactory signals ofGalago crassicaudatus andGalago garnettii
- 62 Downloads
- 4 Citations
Abstract
Although morphological, genetic, and reproductive differences between the two recently separated species, Galago crassicaudatusand G. garnettii,have been documented, social and ecological distinctions are much less well known The calls and chest glands used in scent marking differ. Observational data on calling and answering between species and experimental results on responses to conspecific and allospecific scent from captive galagos at the Duke University Primate Facility showed that members of both species preferentially responded to conspecific signals. The differences in the signals themselves suggest some contrasts in habitat and social patterns. They may also have direct taxonomic implications, but these are not yet clear. Awareness of these differences in signals should allow us to determine from descriptions of calls, skin glands, and behavior which species were subjects in reports published before this taxonomic revision.
Key Words
Galago communication prosimian systematics species recognitionReferences
- Andrew, R. J., and Klopman, R. B. (1974). Urine washing: Comparative notes. In Martin, R. D., Doyle, G. A., and Walker, A. C. (eds.),Prosimian Biology, Duckworth, London, pp. 303–312.Google Scholar
- Bearder, S. K. (1975).Aspects of the Ecology and Behaviour of the Thick-Tailed Bushbaby, Galago crassicaudatus, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.Google Scholar
- Bearder, S. K., and Doyle, G. A. (1974). Ecology of bushbabies,Galago senegalensis andGalago crassicaudatus, with some notes on their behaviour in the field. In Martin, R. R., Doyle, G. A., and Walker, A. C. (eds.),Prosimian Biology, Duckworth, London, pp. 109–130.Google Scholar
- Belcher, A. M., Epple, G., Kuderling, I. and Smith, A. B. (1978). The volatile components of scent material from the cotton-top marmoset (Saguinus o. oedipus): A chemical and behavioral study.J. Chem. Ecol. 14: 1367–1384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Clark, A. B. (1975).Olfactory Communication in a Prosimian Primate, Galago crassicaudatus, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
- Clark, A. B. (1978a). Olfactory communication,Galago crassicaudatus and the social life of prosimians. In Olivers, D. F., and Joysey, K. A. (eds.),Evolution, Academic Press, London, pp. 109–117.Google Scholar
- Clark, A. B. (1978b). Sex ratio and local resource competition in a prosimian primate.Science 201 (4351): 163–165.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Clark, A. B. (1982a). Scent marks as social signals inGalago crassicaudatus. I. Sex and reproductive status as factors in signals and responses.J. Chem. Ecol. 8: 1133–1151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Clark, A. B. (1982b). Scent marks as social signals inGalago crassicaudatus. II. Discrimination between individuals by scent.J. Chem. Ecol. 8: 1153–1165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Clark, A. B. (1985). Sociality in a nocturnal “solitary” prosimian:Galago crassicaudatus.Int. J. Primatol. 6: 581–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Clutton-Brock, T. H., and Harvey, P. H. (1977). Primate ecology and social organization.J. Zool. Land. 183: 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Crewe, R. M., Burger, B. V., LeRoux, M., and Katsir, Z. (1979). Chemical constituents of the chest gland secretion of the thick-tailed galago (Galago crassicaudatus).J. Chem. Ecol. 5(5): 861–868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Crompton, R. H. (1984). Foraging, habitat structures and locomotion in two species ofGalago. In Rodman, P. S., and Cant, J. G. H. (eds.),Adaptations for Foraging in Nonhuman Primates, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 73–111.Google Scholar
- DeBoer, L. E. M. (1973). Cytotaxonomy of the Lorisoidea (Primates: Prosimii). I. Chromosome studies and karyological relationships in the Galagidae.Genetica 44: 155–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dixon, A. F. (1976). Effects of testosterone on the sternal cutaneous gland and genetalia of the male Greater Galago (Galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus).Folia primatol. 26: 207–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Dixson, A. F., and Van Horn, R. N. (1977). Comparative studies of morphology and reproduction in two subspecies of the Greater Bushbaby,Galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus andG. c. argentatus.J. Zool. Lond. 183: 517–526.Google Scholar
- Dorst, J., and Dandelot, P. (1970).A Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Africa, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.Google Scholar
- D’Udine, B., and Alleva, E. (1983). Early experience and sexual preferences in rodents. In Bateson, P. (ed.),Mate Choice, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 311–327.Google Scholar
- Eaglen, R. H., and Simons, E. L. (1980). Notes on the breeding biology of thick-tailed and silvery galagos in captivity.J. Mammal. 61: 534–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Epple, G., Alveario, M. C., Belcher, A. M., and Smith, A. B. (1987). Species and subspecies specificity in urine and scent marks of saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis).Int. J. Primatol. 8: 663–680.Google Scholar
- Epple, G., Kuderling, I., and Belcher, A. M. (1988). Some communicatory functions of scent marking in the cotton-top tamarin,Saguinus oedipus oedipus.J. Chem. Ecol. 14: 503–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Erlich, A. (1977). Social and individual behaviours in captive greater galagos.Behaviour 63: 192–214.Google Scholar
- Godfrey, G. (1958). The origin of sexual isolation among bank voles.Proc. Roy. Physiol. Soc. Edinburgh 27: 47–55.Google Scholar
- Harcourt, C. S. (1980).Behavioural Adaptations in South African Galagos, Unpublished M.Sc. dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.Google Scholar
- Harcourt, C. S. (1986). Seasonal variation in the diet of South African galagos.Int. J. Primatol. 7: 491–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Harcourt, C. A., and Nash, L. T. (1986). Species differences in substrate use and diet between sympatric galagos in two Kenyan coastal forests.Primates 27(1): 41–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Harrington, J. E. (1979). Responses ofLemur fulvus to scents of different subspecies ofL. fulvus and to scents of different species of Lemuriformes.Z. Tierpsychol. 49: 1–9.Google Scholar
- Hodun, A., Snowdon, C. T., and Soini, P. (1981). Subspecific variation in the long calls of the tamarin,Saguinus fuscicollis.Z. Tierpsychol. 57: 97–110.Google Scholar
- Jolly, A. (1966). Observation onGalago crassicaudatus. Ms. sent to Dr E. G. F. Sauer.Google Scholar
- Konishi, M. (1977). Spatial localization of sound. In Bullock, T. (ed.).Dahlem Workshop on Recognition of Complex Acoustic Signals, Dahlem Konf., Berlin, pp. 127–143.Google Scholar
- Macedonia, J. M., and Taylor, L. L. (1985). Subspecific divergence in a loud call of the Ruffed Lemur (Varecia variegatus).Am. J. Primatol. 9: 295–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Masters, J. C. (1985). SpeciesWithin the Taxon Galago crassicaudatus E. Geoffroy, Ph.D. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.Google Scholar
- Masters, J. C., and Dunn, D. S. (1988). Distribution of erythrocytic allozymes in two sibling species of greater Galago [Galago crassicaudatus E. Geoffroy, 1812 andG. garnettii Ogilby, 1838)].Am. J. Primatol. 14: 235–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Masters, J. C., and Lubinsky, D. (1988). Morphological clues to genetic species: Multivariate analysis of greater galago sibling species.Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 75: 37–52.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Masters, J. C., Stanyon, R., and Romagno, D. (1987). Standardized karyotypes for the greater Galagos,Galago crassicaudatus. R. Geoffroy, 1812 andG. garnettii (Ogilby, 1838) (Primates: Prosimii).Genetica 75: 123–129.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Napier, J. R., and Napier, P. H. (1966).A Handbook of Living Primates, Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
- Nash, L. T. (1982). Traveling and calling activity in relation to moonlight in two sympatric species of galago.Int. J. Primatol. 3: 316 (abstr.).Google Scholar
- Nash, L. T. (1983). Reproductive patterns in Galagos (Galago zanzibaricus andGalago garnettii) in relation to climatic variability.Am. J. Primatol. 5: 181–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Nash, L. T. (1984). Social organization of two sympatric galagos at Gedi, Kenya. Paper presented at Xth Congress of the International Primatological Society, Nairobi, Kenya.Google Scholar
- Nash, L. T., and Harcourt, C. H. (1986). Social organization of galagos in Kenyan coastal forests. II.Galago garnettii.Am. J. Primatol. 10(4): 339–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Olson, T. R. (1979).Studies on Aspects of the Morphology of the Genus Otolemur, Ph.D. thesis, University of London, London.Google Scholar
- Patzor, L. M., and Van Horn, R. N. (1977). Intraspecific chromosomal variation withinGalago crassicaudatus (Galaginae).J. Hum. Evol. 6: 569–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Roberts, P. (1971). Social interactions ofGalago crassicaudatus.Folia Primatol. 14: 171–181.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rosenson, L. (1973). Group formation in the captive greater bushbaby (Galago crassicaudatus Anim. Behav. 21:67–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Smith, A. B., III, Belcher, A. M., Epple, G., Jurs, P. C., and Lavine, B. (1985). Computerized pattern recognition: A new technique for the analysis of chemical communication.Science 228: 175.PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Struhsaker, T. T. (1970). Phylogenetic implications of some vocalizations of Cercopithecus monkeys. In Napier, J. R., and Napier, P. H. (eds.),Old World Monkeys: Evolution, Systematics, and Behavior, Academic Press, New York, pp. 365–444.Google Scholar
- Tandy, J. (1974). Social structure in a laboratory colony ofGalago crassicaudatus. In Martin, R. D., Doyle, G. A., and Walker, A. C. (eds.),Prosimian Biology, Duckworth, London, pp. 245–259.Google Scholar
- Tandy, J. M. (1975). Communication inGalago crassicaudatus (ms.).Google Scholar
- Waser, P. M., and Waser, M. S. (1977). Experimental studies of primate vocalization: Specializations for long distance propogation.Z. Tierpsychol. 43: 239–263.Google Scholar
- Welker, C., Prange, E., and Witt, C. (1982). Preliminary observations on the social behaviour of the greater galago,Galago agisymbanus Coquerel, 1859, in captivity.Anthropol. Anz. 40: 193–203.Google Scholar
- Wheeler, J. W., Blum, M. S., and Clark, A. (1977). β-(p-hydroxyphenyl) ethanol in the chest gland secretion of a galago (Galago crassicaudatus).Experientia 33: 998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wiley, R. H., and Richards, D. G. (1978). Physical constraints on acoustic communication in the atmosphere: Implications for the evolution of animal vocalizations.Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 3: 69–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wiley, R. H., and Richards, D. G. (1982). Adaptations for acoustic communication in birds: Sound transmission and signal detection. In Kroodsma, D. E., and Mutter, E. H. (eds.),Acoustic Communication in Birds, Vol. 1. Production, Perception, and Design Features of Sounds, Academic Press, New York, pp. 131–181.Google Scholar
- Wilson, W. L., and Wilson, C. C. (1975). Species-specific vocalizations and the determination of phylogenetic affinities of thePresbytis aygula-megalophos group in Sumatra. In Kondo, S., Kawai, M., and Ehara, A. (eds.),Contemporary Primatology, Karger, Basel, pp. 459–463.Google Scholar
- Winter, P. (1969). Dialects in squirrel monkey vocalizations of the Roman arch type.Folia Primatol. 10: 216–229.PubMedGoogle Scholar