Metallurgical Transactions A

, Volume 23, Issue 3, pp 821–830 | Cite as

Strain-induced nucleation of MnS in electrical steels

  • W. P. Sun
  • M. Militzer
  • J. J. Jonas
Transformations
Received:

Abstract

The nucleation of MnS was investigated during the creep of electrical steels. Precipitation start(P s) times were measured in the temperature range from 800 °C to 1100 °C. Direct evidence regarding the locations of the nucleation sites was obtained by means of electron microscopy. The results show that both dislocations and grain boundaries act as nucleation sites for such strain-induced precipitation. The experimental data were analyzed using classical nucleation theory, on the basis of which it is demonstrated that nucleation at grain boundaries is dominant at the higher testing temperatures. TheP s values in this temperature range are determined by the corresponding nucleation rate. As the temperature is decreased, however, nucleation on dislocations becomes more important. This is due to the additional driving force contributed by deformation-induced vacancies, as well as because the higher dislocation densities at the lower temperatures provide a higher density of potential nucleation sites. In addition, the influence of the growth of these particles following nucleation is considered in the analysis pertaining to theP s curves.

Keywords

Metallurgical Transaction Nucleation Site Electrical Steel High Testing Temperature Classical Nucleation Theory 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    H.A. Wriedt:Metall. Trans. A, 1980, vol. 11A, pp. 1731–38.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    E.F. Petrova, A.I. Rogov, V.G. Borisenko, A.G. Petrenko, A.A. Kononov, and L.A. Shvartsman:Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Met., 1976, no. 5, pp. 137–42.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Z. He, X. Sun, and R. Shuai:Acta Metall. Sin., 1985, vol. 21, pp. A126–30.Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    K.C. Liao:Metall. Trans. A, 1986, vol. 17A, pp. 1259–66.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    J. Harase, R. Siizu, K, Takashima, and T. Watanabe:Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn., 1987, vol. 27, pp. 965–73.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    B.N. Balandin, B.K. Sokolov, and V.V. Gubematorov:Fiz. Met. Metalloved., 1980, vol. 49, pp. 590–95.Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    V.Ya. Gol’dshteyn, O.P. Bobkova, and S.G. Nitskaya:Fiz. Met. Metalloved., 1982, vol. 54, pp. 512–17.Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Z. He, Z. Liu, B. Zhang, and W. Zhang:Acta Metall. Sin., 1981, vol. 17, pp. 433–40.Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    W.M. Swift:Metall. Trans., 1973, vol. 4, pp. 841–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Y. Chen, D. Ma, M. Ge, and E. Wang:Acta Metall. Sin., 1978, vol. 14, pp. 33–39.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    G. Lyudkovsky and P.D. Southwick:Metall. Trans. A, 1986, vol. 17A, pp. 1267–75.Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    P. Horky and P. Pácl:J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 1984, vol. 41, pp. 14–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Z. Zhao:Plastic Deformation of Metals and Rolling Theory, Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, 1980, pp. 80–88.Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    W.P. Sun, W.J. Liu, and J.J. Jonas:Metall. Trans. A, 1989, vol. 20A, pp. 2707–15.Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    T.B. Massalski, J.L. Murray, L.H. Bennett, and H. Baker:Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM, Metals Park, OH, 1986, vol. 2, p. 1108.Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    W.P. Sun: Ph.D. Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada, 1991.Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    M.F. Ashby and R. Ebeling:Trans. TMS-AIME, 1966, vol. 236, pp. 1396–1404.Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    W.J. Liu: Ph.D. Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada, 1987.Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    S.Q. Xiao, P.-J. Wilbrandt, and P. Haasen:Scripta Metall., 1989, vol. 23, pp. 295–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    M. Djahazi: Ph.D. Thesis, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada, 1989.Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    L.F. Mondolfo:Mater. Sci. Technol., 1989, vol. 5, pp. 118–22.Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    M. Militzer and A.N. Orlov:Scripta Metall., 1989, vol. 23, pp. 1173–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. 23.
    L. Cheng and E.J. Mittemeijer:Metall. Trans. A, 1990, vol. 21A, pp. 13–26.Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    W.J. Liu and J.J. Jonas:Metall. Trans. A, 1988, vol. 19A, pp. 1415–24.Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    A.T. Davenport, R.E. Miner, and R.A. Kot: inThe Hot Deformation of Austenite, J.B. Bailance, ed., AIME, New York, NY, 1977, pp. 186–203.Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    G. Fitzsimons, K. Tiitto, R. Fix, and A.J. DeArdo:Metall. Trans. A, 1984, vol. 15A, pp. 241–43.Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    I. Weiss and J.J. Jonas:Metall. Trans. A, 1980, vol. 11A, p. 403.Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    S.J. Harris and N.R. Nag:J. Mater. Sci., 1975, vol. 10, p. 1137; 1976, vol. 11, p. 1320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. 29.
    G. Vander Velde, J.A. Velasco, K.C. Russell, and H.I. Aaronson:Metall. Trans. A, 1976, vol. 7A, pp. 1472–73.Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    H.I. Aaronson and J.K. Lee:Lectures on the Theory of Phase Transformations, H.I. Aaronson, ed., TMS, Warrendale, PA, 1986, pp. 83–115.Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    K.C. Russell:Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 1980, vol. 13, pp. 205–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. 32.
    J. Askill: inHandbook of Chemistry and Physics, 62nd ed., R.C. Weast and M.J. Astle, eds., CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1982, pp. F54–64.Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    W. Witzel:Z. Metallkd., 1973, vol. 64, pp. 585–89.Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    D. Turnbull:Impurities and Imperfections, ASM, Cleveland, OH, 1955, p. 121.Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    L.H. Van Vlack:J. Met., 1951, vol. 3, pp. 251–59.Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    C.J. Smithells and E.A. Brandes:Metals Reference Book, 5th ed., Butterworth’s, London, 1978, vol. 1, pp. 115–77 and 186–241.Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    R. Kiessling and N. Lange:Non-Metallic Inclusions in Steel, Part II, The Metals Society, London, 1978, pp. 97–145.Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    H.J. Frost and M.F. Ashby:Deformation-Mechanism Maps, Pergamon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 1982, pp. 20–70.Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    H.M. Ledbetter and R.P. Reed:J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1973, vol. 2, p. 531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 40.
    J.L. Lytton:J. Appl. Phys., 1964, vol. 35, pp. 2397–2406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. 41.
    P. Gilormini, B. Bacroix, and J.J. Jonas:Acta Metall., 1988, vol. 36, pp. 231–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. 42.
    J. Weertman and J.R. Weertman: inPhysical Metallurgy, R.W. Cahn and P. Haasen, eds., North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983, pp. 1259–1340.Google Scholar
  43. 43.
    E.D. Hondros:Proc. R. Soc., 1965, vol. A286, pp. 479–98.Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    F. Larché: inDislocations in Crystals, F.R.N. Nabarro, ed., Elsevier North-Holland, New York, NY, 1979, p. 135.Google Scholar
  45. 45.
    M. Militzer and Yu. V. Trushin:Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 1989, vol. 59(1), pp. 9–13.Google Scholar
  46. 46.
    M. Militzer, W.P. Sun, and J.J. Jonas:Proc. Int. Conf. on Processing,Microstructure and Properties of Microalloyed and Other Modern Low Alloy Steels, Pittsburgh, PA, June 4–6, 1991, in press.Google Scholar
  47. 47.
    H. Mecking and Y. Estrin:Scripta Metall., 1980, vol. 14, pp. 815–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. 48.
    L.M. Brown and R.K. Ham: inStrengthening Methods in Crystals, A. Kelly and R.B. Nicholson, eds., John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, NY, 1971, pp. 9–135.Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    R.D. Doherty: inPhysical Metallurgy, R.W. Cahn and P. Haasen, eds., North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1983, pp. 933–1030.Google Scholar
  50. 50.
    W.P. Sun, M. Militzer, and J.J. Jones:Metall. Trans. A, in press.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, and ASM International 1992

Authors and Affiliations

  • W. P. Sun
    • 1
  • M. Militzer
    • 1
  • J. J. Jonas
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of Metallurgical EngineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada

Personalised recommendations