Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing

, Volume 36, Issue 5, pp 529–543 | Cite as

Developments in cardiovascular ultrasound. Part 3: Cardiac applications

  • C. M. Moran
  • W. N. McDicken
  • P. R. Hoskins
  • P. J. Fish
Review
Received:
Accepted:

Abstract

Echocardiography is still the principal, non-invasive method of investigation for the evaluation of cardiac disorders. Using Doppler ultrasound, indices such as coronary flow reserve and cardiac output can be determined. The severity of valvular stenosis can be determined by the area of the valve, either directly from 2D echo, from pressure half-time calculations, from continuity equations or from the proximal isovelocity surface area method. Alternatively, the severity of regurgitation can be estimated by colour or pulsed ultrasound detection of the back-projection of the high-velocity jet into the chamber. Myocardial wall abnormalites can be assessed using 2D ultrasound, M-mode or analysis from the radio-frequency ultrasound signal. Doppler tissue imaging can be used to quantify intra-myocardial wall velocities, and 3D reconstruction of cardiac images can provide visualisation of the complete cardiac anatomy from any orientation. The development of myocardial contrast agents and associated imaging techniques to enhance visualisation of these agents within the myocardium has aided qualitative assessment of myocardial perfusion abnormalites. However, quantitative myocardial perfusion has still to be realised.

Keywords

Myocardial wall motion contrast agents Second harmonic Doppler tissue imaging Proximal isovelocity surface area 
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Copyright information

© IFMBE 1998

Authors and Affiliations

  • C. M. Moran
    • 1
  • W. N. McDicken
    • 1
  • P. R. Hoskins
    • 1
  • P. J. Fish
    • 2
  1. 1.Department of Medical Physics & Medical EngineeringRoyal infirmaryEdinburghUK
  2. 2.School of Electronic Engineering & Computer ScienceUniversity of WalesBangorWales, UK

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