Environmentalist

, Volume 5, Supplement 9, pp 3–28 | Cite as

Economic use of tropical moist forests while maintaining biological, physical and social values

  • J. Davidson
Article

Summary

The biological, physical and social values of tropical moist forests (TMFs) can be defined from a subjective human viewpoint. The fragility of these forests, i.e. their reaction to outside forces, is determined by their nature and by ecological principles, both of which are largely objective. The forest, as a complex living system, acts as an objective entity. If utilization exceeds what the forest can sustain, degradation will set in and eventually may effect essential ecological processes and diminish genetic diversity.

The degree of permissable utilization of TMFs is difficult to judge because of the richness of species, the woody, long-lived character of many plants, the complex interactions between animals and plants, and the many gaps in available knowledge. The time scales of effects and change are particularly important.

In determining the economic use of TMFs while maintaining biological, physical and social values, the following twelve points should be taken into account:
  1. 1.

    There are essential distinctions between

     
  2. a.

    TMFs and other types of forest,

     
  3. b.

    lowland and upland forest,

     
  4. c.

    primary and secondary forest, and

     
  5. d.

    intact and altered forest, Planning for each type should take into account its kind, status and scarcity. For example, well drained against less well drained sites, greater versus less soil fertility, large homogeneous areas or large heterogeneous areas compared with small ones.

     
  6. 2.

    The values of TMFs are great and varied, particularly those of intact species-rich TMFs at low altitude on well-drained soils (e.g. supply of timber, protection of soil, regulation of water regime, food and shelter).

     
  7. 3.

    Utilization only for wood production seriously diminishes many other values of TMFs.

     
  8. 4.

    Sustained utilization requires maintenance of ecological processes which include preservation of genetic diversity, though not necessarily on the same area of land.

     
  9. 5.

    The prospects for sustained utilization of TMFs are very few, because of:

     
  10. a.

    species richness

     
  11. b.

    predominant woody (long-lived) character of the plants,

     
  12. c.

    interdependence of plants, animals and forest dwellers,

     
  13. d.

    low density of most plant and animal populations, and patchiness of species occurrence,

     
  14. e.

    general soil poverty and susceptibility to nutrient depletion and transportation,

     
  15. f.

    long time needed for regeneration and the tendency to regenerate to secondary types.

     
  16. 6.

    With proper management some use of intact TMFs can occur without ecological damage, e.g. for tourism, seed collection and non-destructive scientific research. There is a risk of slow degradation with hunting-gathering, and the collection of minor forest products. TMFs cannot be exploited without great ecological damage for purposes such as woodchipping and other forms of “integrated utilization” (use of whole trees, sometimes including leaves, bark and roots) and logging by hand tools or with machinery.

     
  17. 7.

    Harmful exploitation should be discouraged. Some of the remaining intact TMFs should be protected in combination with harmless exploitation as previously defined. Approximately 10 to 25 per cent of the remaining worldwide primary TMFs should be protected in properly managed protected areas.

     
  18. 8.

    Land types derived from TMF ecosystems, namely secondary forest, modified forest, transformed forest, and degraded land, often can be managed productively. Sustained utilziation should be concentrated on these sites, rater than on intact TMFs.

     
  19. 9.

    A distinction between planned exploitation and spontaneous exploitation (mainly inappropriate shifting cultivation and encroachment) is useful, since the problems and possible solutions differ considerably.

     
  20. 10.

    Even where mechanical logging and other severe forms of utilization must be and are carried on, there are ways and means of lessening their impact and slowing the rate of degradation. Since these may reduce short-term profits, the cooperation of foresters, engineers and economists needs to be promoted.

     
  21. 11.

    The promotion of a capability classification and suitability assessment of tropical forest lands based, for example, on landscape units should be a major goal for IUCN, MAB, UNEP, FAO and other agencies as the first step in overcoming ecological problems in TMFs.

     
  22. 12.

    Well conceived out and documented land use plans are needed on a catchment or regional basis, to show which parts of the forest land are separately allocated to preservation, “conservation” (in the sense of the World Conservation Strategy), regeneration (i. e. careful exploitation), clearing and so on. Plans based on demonstration models and case studies are the only sure means of integrating these uses with economic development of TMFs so as to maintain biolgical, physical and social values. Integration of preservation with any other use on a single unit of intact primary TMF is considered impossible by many ecologists.

     

Keywords

Secondary Forest Sustained Utilization Ecological Damage Tropical Moist Forest Forest Dweller 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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