Experimental Mechanics

, Volume 18, Issue 1, pp 1–10 | Cite as

Characteristic relations of flow birefringence

Part 1: Relations in transmitted radiation Contemporary problems of flow-birefringence studies in transmitted light are discussed. The influence of spectral frequency is shown to be important in understanding the basic birefringence mechanisms and in optimizing the flow-birefringence experiments
  • J. T. Pindera
  • A. R. Krishnamurthy
Article
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Revised:

Abstract

This is the first of two closely related papers on the flow-birefringence response to the velocity vector field of a particular liquid representing a certain class of birefringent bodies.* The flowing material under study was the aqueous solution of the compound known under the name NGS 1828 and commonly known as “milling yellow” or “acid yellow”. This solution appears to exhibit all three major mechanisms of birefringence. The physical parameters characterizing this material depend strongly on temperature, concentration and age and, therefore, it can be considered as representing a typical class of liquids used in flow-model experiments.

The paper presents the experimental evidence that the flow birefringence cannot be explained and described by the simple mathematical model of birefringence in solid continuum which relates the changes of the components of dielectric tensor to the components of stress and strain tensors, or their derivatives, and which neglects the influence of the spectral frequency (wavelength of radiation).

Results are presented for transmission birefringence (and for scattered-light birefringence in the second paper) in the visible and the infrared bands of radiation.

It is shown that:

  • - the amount of birefringence depends strongly and non-monotonically on wavelength of radiation;

  • - the linear range of optical response to shear-strain rate depends on wavelengths of radiation;

  • - the directions of optic axes strongly depend both on the shear-strain rate and on the wavelength of radiation, even in the linear range of mechanical response.

It is further shown that there exists a relation between the absorption bands, the maximum transmittance, the dispersion of birefringence, the spectral dependence of optic-axes direction, and the linear range of optical response. Within the maximum transmittance band and the linear range of mechanical response the linear range of birefringence is maximum and the dispersion of birefringence is minimum with respect to the shear-strain rate; the corresponding dispersion of optic axis is also minimum.

Samples of typical recordings are given in the visible and the infrared radiation for typical flow patterns. One of the practical conclusions is that to optimize the flow-birefringence studies of engineering problems it is advisable to choose the radiation in the near-infrared range.

The evidence presented shows that the common trend in engineering research toward simplification of the model of the flow-birefringence response is not necessary.

Keywords

Optical Response Linear Range Mechanical Response Spectral Dependence Maximum Transmittance 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

List of Symbols

C

concentration

D

rotary-diffusion constant; dispersion of birefringence

k, k′, c

constants

M

Maxwell constant

q1,q2

piezo-optic coefficients in the orthogonal directions 1 and 2 in the 1–2 plane normal to the direction of observation

T

temperature

\(\dot \gamma \)

shear-strain rate

\(\dot \in \)

principal-strain rate

εo, ε1

initial and altered values of dielectric coefficients, respectively

Δn

birefringence

σ1, σ2, σ3

principal stresses in three orthogonal directions 1, 2 and 3

λ

wavelength

η

viscosity

τ

relaxation time

χ

extinction angle: acute angle between the optic-axis direction and the streamline direction

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Copyright information

© Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc. 1978

Authors and Affiliations

  • J. T. Pindera
    • 1
  • A. R. Krishnamurthy
    • 2
  1. 1.University of WaterlooWaterlooCanada
  2. 2.Research and Development CentreJyoti Ltd.BarodaIndia

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