Meccanica

, Volume 17, Issue 4, pp 201–210 | Cite as

A three-dimensional model for spark ignition engines: Initial validation

  • Francesco Grasso
Article
Received:
  • 37 Downloads

Summary

A three-dimensional model for the cold flow motion and/or combustion of a homogeneous charge in Spark Ignition Engines was developed. An explicit predictor-corrector technique was employed. The model was validated in its two-dimensional version by comparing the computed TDC turbulence intensity with a parametric set of experimental data and with the results obtained with a different, previously validated, two-dimensional model. The fully three-dimensional model was then tested to simulate the cold flow motion of a homogeneous charge in a pancake-like chamber. It was concluded that the model can be used for cold flow simulation of Spark Ignition Engine.

Keywords

Experimental Data Combustion Mechanical Engineer Civil Engineer Turbulence Intensity 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

List of symbols

A

Preexponential factor, mole1/2/cm1.5−s

b

Boundary velocity, cm/s

B

Bore, cm

CFL

Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy number

\(C_{ \in _1 } ,C_{ \in _2 } ,C_{ \in _3 } ,\)

Constants in the turbulence model

cp

Coefficient of specific heat at constantp, erg/g −K

cν

Coefficient of specific heat at constant volume erg/g −K

CL

Clearance, cm

CR

Compression ratio

D

Diffusivity, cm2/s

EA

Activation energy, erg/mol

F

Fuel

I

Inert

I

Specific internal energy, erg/g

İ

Specific internal energy release, erg/g − s

Jk

Mass flux of speciesk, g/cm2 − s

Jq

Energy flux, erg/g − cm2 − s

h

Specific enthalpy, erg/g

k

Kinetic energy of turbulence, cm2/s2

n

Unit normal to the wall surface

O

Oxidizer

p

Pressure, dynes/cm2

P

Product

Pr

Prandtl number

R

Universal gas constant, erg/mole −K

RPM

Engine speed, min−1

t

Time, sec

t

Unit tangent

T

Temperature,K

u

Component of velocity inx-direction, cm/s

\(\underline{\underline U} ,\underline{\underline U}\)

Unit tensor

v

Component of velocity iny-direction, cm/s

vp

Mean piston speed, cm/s

V

Control volume, cm3

∂V

Control volume, cm2

x, y, z

Coordinate directions

w

Component of velocity inz-direction, cm/s

W

Molecular weight, g/mole

Yk

Mass fraction of kth species

Greek Symbols

α, β

Constants for determining initial values ofk and∈

γ

Ratio of specific heat coefficients

δ

Piston displacement

Δx, Δy, Δz

Mesh spacing inx, y, z, cm

∈

Dissipation rate of turbulence kinetic energy, cm2/s3

ηv

Volumetric efficiency

κ

Von Karman's constant

λ

Heat conductivity, erg/g − cm − s −K

μ

Viscosity, g/cm − s

ν

Kinematic viscosity, cm2/s

ν′, ν″

Stoichimetric coefficients

\(\dot \omega\)

Reaction rate g/cm3 − s

ρ

Density, g/cm3

\(\underline{\underline \sigma }\)

Stress tensor, dynes/cm2

σ

Prandtl number

Φ

Scalar variable

θ

Crank angle, deg

Superscripts

F

Fuel

k

k − th species

n

Time leveln

\(n{\mathbf{ }}\widetilde + {\mathbf{ }}1\)

Predicted time level

n+1

Corrected time level

O

Oxygen

T

Transpose

′

Fluctuating component

*

Non-dimensional quantities

Subscripts

BCD

Bottom Dead Center

F

Fuel

INIT

Initial

LAM

Laminar

O2, O

Oxygen

P

Products

TDC

Top Dead Center

TURB

Turbulent

w

Wall

Sommario

E' stato sviluppato un modello tridimensionale, per studiare la fluidodinamica con o senza combustione di una carica omogenea in un Motore ad Accensione Comandata. E' stata impiegata una tecnica esplicita del tipo predictor-corrector. Il modello è stato convalidato nella sua versïone bidimensionale confrontando la intensità della turbolenza calcolata al punto morto superiore con dati sperimentali e con risultati ottenuti con un diverso modello bidimensionale precedentemente convalidato. Il modello tridimensionale è stato quindi usato per simulare la fluidodinamica fredda di una carica omogenea in una camera di combustione di tipo pancake. Si è concluso che il modello può essere impiegato per la simulazione della fluidodinamica in un Motore ad Accencione Comandata.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. [1]
    Rivard W.C., Farmer O.A., andButler T.D.:RICE: A Computer Program for Multicomponent Chemically Reactive Flows at All Speeds, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, LA-5812, 1974.Google Scholar
  2. [2]
    Gupta H.C., Steinberger R.C., andBracco R.V.:Combustion in a Divided Chamber, Stratified Charge, Reciprocating Engine: Initial Comparisons of Calculated and Measured Flame Propagation, Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 22, 1980, pp. 27–61.Google Scholar
  3. [3]
    Syed S.A., andBracco F.V.:Further Comparisons of Computed and Measured Divided-Chamber Engine Combustion, Paper 790247, presented at the SAE Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, February 1979.Google Scholar
  4. [4]
    Grasso F., andBracco F.V.:Evaluation of a Mixing Controlled Model for Engine Combustion, presented at the SAE Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, February 1980, and to appear inCombustion Science and Technology.Google Scholar
  5. [5]
    Butler T.D., Cloutman L.D., Dukowicz J.K., andRamshaw J.D.:CONCHAS: An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Computer Code for Multicomponent Chemically Reactive Fluid Flow at All Speeds, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, La-8129-MS Informal Report, Nov. 1979.Google Scholar
  6. [6]
    Grasso F., andBracco F.V.:Two-Dimensional Computations of Cold Flow Engine Turbulence, presented at the SAE Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, February 1981.Google Scholar
  7. [7]
    Diwakar R.:Multi-Dimensional Modeling Applied to the Direct Injection Stratified Charge Engine-Calculation Versus Experiment, Paper 810225, presented at the SAE Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, February 1981.Google Scholar
  8. [8]
    Oran E.S., andBoris J.P.:Detailed Modelling of Combustion Systems, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, NRL Memorandum Report 4371, 1980.Google Scholar
  9. [9]
    Grasso F.:On Flows in Internal Combustion Engines, Princeton University, Dept. of Mech. and Aero. Eng., Ph.D. Thesis, No. 1537-T, 1981.Google Scholar
  10. [10]
    Chase J., andKransky V.:3-D Simulation of Gaseous Fuel Injection into Cylinder with Swirl, presented at 7th DISC Meeting, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, CA, September 1977.Google Scholar
  11. [11]
    Griffin M.D., Diwakar R., Anderson J.D., andJones E.:Computational Fluid Dynamics Applied to Flows in an I.C. Engine, Paper 78-57, presented at the AIAA 16th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Huntsville, Alabama, January 1978.Google Scholar
  12. [12]
    Peyret R., andViviand H.:Computation of Viscous Compressible Flows Based on the Navier-Stokes Equations, AGAR Dograph No. 212, September, 1975.Google Scholar
  13. [13]
    Cheng S.I.:A Critical Review of Numerical Solution of Navier-Stokes Equations, AMS Report 1158, Princeton University, 1974.Google Scholar
  14. [14]
    Ramsbaw J.D.:Progress Report on SOLA 3-D, presented at 13th DISC Meeting, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, March, 1981.Google Scholar
  15. [15]
    Brailovskaia I.:A Difference Scheme for Numerical Solution of the Two-Dimensional, Nonstationary Navier-Stokes Equations for a Compressible Gas, Soviet-Physics-Doklady, Vol. 10, 1965,No. 2, pp. 107–110.Google Scholar
  16. [16]
    Lilli D.K.:On the Computational Stability of Numerical Solutions of Time-Dependent Non-Linear Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Problems, Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 93, 1965, No. 1, pp. 11–26.Google Scholar
  17. [17]
    Lancaster D.R.:Effects of Engine Variables on Turbulence in a Spark-Ignition Engine, Paper 76059, presented at the SAE Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, February 1976.Google Scholar
  18. [18]
    Grasso F., andBracco F.V.:Two-Dimensional Computations of Cold Flow Engine Turbulence, Presented at the SAE Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, February 1981.Google Scholar
  19. [19]
    Ramos J.I. andSirignano W.A.:Axisymmetric Flow Model in a Piston-Cylinder Arrangement with Detailed Analysis of the Valve Region, Paper 800286, presented at the SAE Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, February 1981.Google Scholar
  20. [20]
    Gosman A.D., andJohns R.J.R.:Development of a Predictive Tool for In-cylinder Gas Motion in Engines, Paper 780315, presented at SAE Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, February 1981.Google Scholar
  21. [21]
    Ramos J.I.:Axisymmetric Flow Field in Motored and Firing Spark-Ingnition Engines, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Mech. and Aer. Eng., Princeton University, 1980.Google Scholar
  22. [22]
    Ahmadi-Befrui B., Gosman A.D., Lockwood F.C., andWatkins A.P.:Multidimensional Calculation of Combustion in an Indealized Homogenous Charge Engine: a Progress Report, Paper 81501, presented at SAE Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, February 1981.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Pitagora Editrice Bologna 1982

Authors and Affiliations

  • Francesco Grasso
    • 1
  1. 1.Dipartimento di EnergeticaPolitecnico di MilanoMilanoItaly

Personalised recommendations