Advertisement

Relationship between infectious diseases and human blood type

  • S. A. Berger
  • N. A. Young
  • S. C. Edberg
Review

Abstract

During the past eight decades, a large number of studies have examined the possible relationship between blood type and infection. Many publications reflect uncritical attempts to mathematically link unstratified or random data. The interaction of pathogen and erythrocyte membrane may reflect antigenic similarity, adhesion through specific receptors, or modulation of antibody response. Anthropological surveys suggest that the geographic and racial distribution of human blood groups reflects susceptibility of populations with specific blood types to the plague, cholera, smallpox, malaria and other infectious diseases.

Keywords

Internal Medicine Infectious Disease Malaria Antibody Response Human Blood 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Landsteiner, K.: Zur Kenntniss der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie 1900, 27: 357.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Vogel, F.: AB0 blood groups and disease. American Journal of Human Genetics 1970, 22: 464–475.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Weiner, A. S.: Blood-groups and disease. Lancet 1962, i: 813–816.Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Woolf, B.: On estimating the relation between blood group and disease. Annals of Human Genetics 1955, 19: 251–253.Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Kiango, J. S., Missingo, R., Mzula, E.: The relationship of blood groups and hepatitis B virus antigen carrier state. East African Medical Journal 1982, 59: 816–818.Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Lenka, M. R., Ghosh, E., Bhattacharyya, P. K.: AB0 groups in relation to hepatitis B surface antigen (Australia antigen). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1981, 75: 688–690.Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Kulkarni, A. G., Aloowooja, F. O., Wayo, G. B.: Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in northern Nigerian blood donors. Vox Sanguinis 1986, 50: 151–153.Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Szmuness, W., Prince, A. M., Cherubin, C. E.: Serum hepatitis antigen carrier state: relationship to AB0 blood groups. British Medical Journal 1971, ii: 198–199.Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Bradbury, F. C. S.: Tuberculosis in relation to blood groups. Tubercle 1934, 16: 113–119.Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Singh, S. P. N., Mehra, N. K., Dingley, H. B., Pande, J. N., Vaidya, M. C.: HLA-A, -B, -C and -DR antigen profile in pulmonary tuberculosis in North India. Tissue Antigens 1983, 21: 380–384.Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Saha, N., Banerjee, B.: Incidence of AB0 and Rh blood groups in pulmonary tuberculosis in different ethnic groups. Journal of Medical Genetics 1968, 5: 306–307.Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    Shankar, V., Sinha, S.: Relationship between pulmonary tuberculosis and AB0 blood groups. Journal of the Indian Medical Association 1986, 54: 372–374.Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    Salzano, F. M.: Blood groups and leprosy. Journal of Medical Genetics 1967, 4: 102–106.Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    Munoz-Baratta, C.: Blood groups and diseases. In: Holander, L. P. (ed.): Proceedings of the 8th Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion, Tokyo. Karger, Basel, 1962, p. 260–266.Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    Marcus, D. M.: The AB0 and Lewis blood-group systems. New England Journal of Medicine 1969, 280: 994–1005.Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    Springer, G. F., Williamson, P., Brandes, W. C.: Blood group activity of gram-negative bacteria. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1961, 113: 1077–1093.Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Rowley, D., Jenkins, C. R.: Antigenic cross-reaction between host and parasite as a possible cause of pathogenicity. Nature 1962, 198: 151–154.Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    Moody, M., Young, V. M., Faber, J. E.: Relationship of blood group antigens of theEnterobacteriaceae to infections in humans. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1969, 424–431.Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    Eichner, E. R., Finn, R., Krevans, J. R.: Relationship between serum antibody-levels and the AB0 blood group polymorphism. Nature 1963, 198: 164–165.Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Springer, G. F.: Microbes and higher plants. Their relation to blood group substances. Bibliotheca Haematologica 1965, 23: 465–475.Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    Tamiya, T., Hazato, H., Yamamoto, T.: The common antigenic substance X inRickettsia prowaseki, Rickettsia mooseri andProteus OX19, especially its relationship to blood group substance B. Shukan-Igaku-Tushin 1948, 3: 3–5.Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    Cappellini, R., Landy, M.: Suppression of blood group agglutinability of human erythrocytes by certain bacterial polysaccharides. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1963, 117: 321–338.Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    Oyen, R., Colledge, K. I., Marsh, W. L., Wainfan, E.: Use ofEscherichia coli 86: B7 in the adsorption of anti-A and anti-B from blood typing sera. Transfusion 1972, 12: 98–102.Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Ratner, J. J., Thomas, V. L., Forland, M.: Relationship between human blood groups, bacterial pathogens, and urinary tract infections. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 1986, 292: 86–91.Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Kinane, D. F., Blackwell, C. C., Brettle, R. P., Weir, D. M., Winstanley, F. P., Elton, R. A.: AB0 blood group, secretor state, and susceptibility to recurrent urinary tract infection in women. British Medical Journal 1982, 285: 7–9.Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    Blackwell, C. C., Andrew, S., May, S. J., Weir, D. M., MacCallum, C., Brettle, R. P.: AB0 blood group and susceptibility to urinary tract infection: no evidence for involvement of isohaemaggutinins. Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Immunology 1984, 15: 191–194.Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    Wittels, E. G., Lichtman, H. C.: Blood group incidence andEscherichia coli bacterial sepsis. Transfusion 1986, 26: 533–535.Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    Reed, W. P., Drach, G. W., Williams, R. C.: Antigens common to human and bacterial cells. IV: Studies of human pneumococcal disease. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Medicine 1974, 83: 599–610.Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    Witebsky, E., Neter, E., Sobotka, H.: The relation between the type-specific carbohydrate of pneumococci and the blood group specific substance A. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1935, 61: 703–715.Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    Finland, M., Curnen, E. C.: Agglutinins for human erythrocytes in type XIV anti-pneumococcic horse serums. Science 1938, 87: 417–418.Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    Marsh, W. L., Nichols, M. E., Oyen, R., Thayer, R. S., Deere, W. L., Freed, P. J., Schmelter, S. E.: Naturally occurring anti-Kell stimulated byEscherichia coli enterocolitis in a 20-day-old child. Transfusion 1978, 18: 149–154.Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Garrity, G., Willbanks, E., Petz, L. D.: An acquired B antigen associated withProteus vulgaris infection. Vox Sanguinis 1971, 21: 45–56.Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Sherman, L. A., Silberstein, L. E., Berkman, E. M.: Altered blood group expression in a patient with congenital rubella infection. Transfusion 1984, 24: 267–269.Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    McGinniss, M. H., MacLowry, J. D., Holland, P. V.: Acquisition of K: 1-like antigen during terminal sepsis. Transfusion 1984, 24: 28–30.Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    Bird, G. W. G., Wingham, J., Seger, R., Kenny, A. B.: Tx, a “new” red cell cryptantigen exposed by pneumococcal enzymes. Blood Transfusion and Immunohaematology 1982, 25: 215–216.Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    Lomberg, H., Cedergren, B., Leffler, H., Nilsson, B., Carlstrom, A., Svanborg-Eden, C.: Influence of blood group on the availability of receptors for attachment or uropathogenicEscherichia coli. Infection and Immunity 1986, 51: 919–926.Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    Blackwell, C. C., May, S. J., Brettle, R. P., Maccallum, C. J., Weir, D. M.: Secretor state and immunoglobulin levels among women with recurrent urinary tract infections. Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Immunology 1987, 22: 133–137.Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    Scheinfeld, J., Schaeffer, A. J., Condon-Cardo, C., Rogatko, A., Fair, W. R.: Association of Lewis blood group phenotype with recurrent urinary tract infections in women. New England Journal of Medicine 1989, 320: 273–277.Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Korkhonon, T. K., Vaisanen, V., Saxen, H., Hultberg, H., Svenson, S. B.: P-antigen-recognizing fimbriae from human uropathogenicEscherichia coli strains. Infection and Immunity 1982, 37: 286–291.Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Mulholland, S. G., Mooreville, M., Parsons, C. L.: Urinary tract infections and P blood group antigens. Urology 1984, 25: 232–235.Google Scholar
  41. 41.
    Roland, F.: Presence of human blood group substance P1 in gram-negative bacilli. Annals of Microbiology 1973, 124A: 375.Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    O'Hanley, P., Low, D., Romero, I., Lark, D., Vosti, K., Falkow, S., Schoolnik, G.: Gal-Gal binding and hemolysin phenotypes and genotypes associated with uropathogenicEscherichia coli. New England Journal of Medicine 1985, 313: 414–420.Google Scholar
  43. 43.
    Bock, K., Breimer, M. E., Brignole, A., Hansson, G. C., Karlsson, K. A., Larson, G., Leffler, H., Samuelsson, B. E., Stromberg, N., Eden, C. S.: Specificity of binding of a strain of uropathogenicEscherichia coli to Gal α 1-4Gal-containing glycosphingolipids. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1985, 260: 8545–8551.Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    Schoolnick, G. K.: HowEscherichia coli infects the urinary tract. New England Journal of Medicine 1989, 320: 804–805.Google Scholar
  45. 45.
    Brauner, A., Leissner, M., Wretlind, B., Julander, I., Svenson, S. B., Kallenius, G.: Occurrence of P-fimbratedEscherichia coli in patients with bacteremia. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1985, 4: 566–569.Google Scholar
  46. 46.
    Jacobson, S. H., Lins, L., Svenson, S. B., Kallenius, G.: Lack of correlation of P blood group phenotype and renal scarring. Kidney International 1985, 28: 797–800.Google Scholar
  47. 47.
    Lomberg, H., Hanson, L. A., Jacobsson, B., Jodal, U., Leffler, H., Svanborg Eden, C.: Correlation of P blood group, vesicoureteral reflux, and bacterial attachment in patients with recurrent pyelonephritis. New England Journal of Medicine 1983, 308: 1189–1192.Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    Pruzanski, W., Shumak, K. H.: Biologic activity of cold-reacting autoantibodies. New England Journal of Medicine 1977, 297: 538–542, 583–589.Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    Glass, R. I., Holmgren, J., Haley, C. E., Khan, M. R., Svennerholm, A. M., Stoll, B. J., Belayet-Hossain, K., Black, R. E., Yunus, M., Barua, D.: Predisposition for cholera of individuals with 0 blood group. American Journal of Epidemiology 1985, 121: 791–796.Google Scholar
  50. 50.
    Levine, M. M., Nalin, D. R., Rennels, M. B., Hornick, R. B., Sotman, S., VanBlerk, G., Hughes, T. P., O'Donnell, S., Barua, D.: Genetic susceptibility to cholera. Annals of Human Biology 1979, 6: 369–374.Google Scholar
  51. 51.
    Black, R. E., Levine, M. M., Clements, M. L., Hughes, T., O'Donnell, S.: Association between 0 blood group and occurrence and severity of diarrhea due toEscherichia coli. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1987, 81: 120–123.Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    Breguet, G., Ney, R., Gerber, H., Garner, M. F.: Treponemal serology and blood groups on Bali Island, Indonesia. Genitourinary Medicine 1986, 62: 298–301.Google Scholar
  53. 53.
    Helmbold, W., Vogel, F.: Correlations between AB0 blood groups and epidemic diseases and their anthropological significance. In: Holander, L. P. (ed.): Proceedings of the 8th Congress of the International Society of Blood Transfusion, Tokyo. Karger, Basel, 1962; p. 279–280.Google Scholar
  54. 54.
    Vogel, F., Chakravartti, M. R.: AB0 blood groups and smallpox in a rural population of West Bengal and Bihar (India). Humangenetik 1966, 3: 166–170.Google Scholar
  55. 55.
    Barber, M. A., Komp, W. H. W.: The seasonal and regional incidence of types of malaria parasites. United States Public Health Reports 1929, 44: 2048–2057.Google Scholar
  56. 56.
    Boyd, M. F., Stratman-Thomas, W. K.: Studies on benign tertian malaria. 4: On the refractoriness of Negroes to inoculation withPlasmodium vivax. American Journal of Hygiene 1933, 18: 485–489.Google Scholar
  57. 57.
    Miller, L. H., Mason, S. J., Dvorak, J. A., McGinniss, M. H., Rothman, I. K.: Erythrocyte receptors for (Plasmodium knowlesi) malaria. Science 1975, 189: 561–563.Google Scholar
  58. 58.
    Miller, L. H., Mason, S. J., Clyde, D. F., McGinniss, M. H.: The resistance factor toPlasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-blood-group genotype., FyFy. New England Journal of Medicine 1976, 295: 302–304.Google Scholar
  59. 59.
    Martin, S. K., Miller, L. H., Hicks, C. U., David-West, A., Deane, M.: Frequency of blood group antigens in Nigerian children with falciparum malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1979, 73: 216–218.Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    Osisanya, J. O. S.: AB0 blood groups and infections with human malarial parasites in vivo and in vitro. East African Medical Journal 1983, 60: 616–621.Google Scholar
  61. 61.
    Atia, M. M., El-Gamal, R. L. R.: AB0 blood groups and malaria. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 1985, 15: 693–695.Google Scholar
  62. 62.
    Singh, T.: Malaria and AB0 blood groups. Indian Pediatrics 1985, 22: 857–858.Google Scholar
  63. 63.
    Wood, C. S., Harrison, G. A., Dore, C., Weiner, J. S.: Selective feeding ofAnopheles gambiae according to AB0 blood group status. Nature 1972, 239: 165.Google Scholar
  64. 64.
    Mathews, H. M., Armstrong, J. C.: Duffy blood types and vivax malaria in Ethiopia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1981, 30: 299–303.Google Scholar
  65. 65.
    Livingstone, F. B.: The Duffy blood groups, vivax malaria, and malaria selection in human populations: a review. Human Biology 1984, 56: 413–425.Google Scholar
  66. 66.
    Gerald, P. S.: A new frontier for infectious disease research. New England Journal of Medicine 1976, 295: 337.Google Scholar
  67. 67.
    Mason, S. J., Miller, L. H., Shiroishi, T., Dvorak, J. S., McGuinniss, M. H.: The Duffy blood group determinants: their role in the susceptibility of human and animal erythrocytes toPlasmodium knowlesi malaria. British Journal of Haematology 1977, 36: 327–335.Google Scholar
  68. 68.
    Marcus, D. M., Kabat, E. A., Rosenfeld, R. E.: The action of enzymes fromClostridium tertium on the I antigenic determinant of human erythrocytes. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1963, 118: 175–194.Google Scholar
  69. 69.
    Lewis, J. G., Woods, A. C.: The AB0 and rhesus blood groups in patients with respiratory disease. Tubercle 1961, 42: 362–365.Google Scholar
  70. 70.
    Saha, N., Banerjee, B.: Incidence of AB0 and Rh blood groups in pulmonary tuberculosis in three ethnic groups. Journal of Medical Genetics 1968, 5: 306–307.Google Scholar
  71. 71.
    Journalain, R. C.: AB0 blood groups and pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercle 1970, 151: 322–323.Google Scholar
  72. 72.
    Nunome, T., Akai, T.: On the blood group substance in tuberculin fluid. Proceedings of the Japanese Academy 1951, 27: 309–312.Google Scholar
  73. 73.
    Green, G. E., Wilson, R. M., Freeman, N. C.: Human blood types and dental caries experience. Journal of Dental Research 1966, 45: 1818.Google Scholar
  74. 74.
    O'Roark, W. L., Leyschon, C.: Dental-caries prevalence as related to blood groups. Journal of Dental Research 1963, 42: 1530.Google Scholar
  75. 75.
    Glynn, A. A., Glynn, L. E., Holbrow, E. J.: Secretion of blood-group substances in rheumatic fever. British Medical Journal 1959, 5147: 266–270.Google Scholar
  76. 76.
    Clarke, C. A., McConnell, R. B., Sheppard, P. M.: AB0 blood groups and secretor character in rheumatic carditis. British Medical Journal 1960, i: 21–23.Google Scholar
  77. 77.
    Singh, T., Thawrani, Y. P., Taluja, R. K., Mathur, P. S.: Role of blood groups in etiopathogenesis and prevention of rheumatic fever. Indian Pedatrics 1984, 21: 323–326.Google Scholar
  78. 78.
    Blackwell, C. C., Jonsdottir, K., Hanson, M., Todd, W. T., Chaudhuri, A. K., Mathew, B., Brettle, R. F., Weir, D. M.: Non-secretion of AB0 antigens predisposing to infections byNeisseria meningitidis andStreptococcus pneumoniae. Lancet 1986, ii: 284–285.Google Scholar
  79. 79.
    Foster, M. T., Labrum, A. H.: Relation of infection withNeisseria gonorrhoeae to AB0 blood groups. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1976, 133: 329–330.Google Scholar
  80. 80.
    Blackwell, C. C., Jonsdottir, K., Hanson, M. F., Weir, D. M.: Non-secretion of AB0 blood group antigens predisposing to infection byHaemophilus influenzae. Lancet 1986, ii: 687.Google Scholar
  81. 81.
    Bowman, H. S., Marsh, W. L., Schumacher, H. R., Oyen, R., Reihart, J.: Auto-anti-N immunohemolytic anemia in infectious mononucleosis. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1974, 61: 465–472.Google Scholar
  82. 82.
    Jenkins, W. J., Koster, H. G., Marsh, W. L.: Infectious mononucleosis. An unsuspected source of anti-i. British Journal of Haematology 1965, 11: 480–483.Google Scholar
  83. 83.
    Reagan, R. L., Palmer, E. D., Brueckne, A. L.: Electron microscopic studies of erythrocytes from a patient with infectious mononucleosis. American Journal of Pathology 1953, 29: 1161–1162.Google Scholar
  84. 84.
    Morton, J. A., Pickles, M. M., Darley, J. H.: Increased strength of red cell Bga antigen following infectious mononucleosis. Vox Sanguinis 1977, 32: 26–37.Google Scholar
  85. 85.
    Shaskhov, L. A., Zhilova, G. P., Smorodintsev, A. A.: Correlation between blood group factors and susceptibility to experimental influenza infection in man. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 1974, 77: 670–672.Google Scholar
  86. 86.
    Evans, A. S., Shepard, K., Richards, V.: Blood groups and influenza. Lancet 1970, ii: 1364.Google Scholar
  87. 87.
    Potter, C.W.: HI antibody to various influenza and adenoviruses in individuals of blood groups A and 0. Journal of Hygiene 1969, 67: 67–74.Google Scholar
  88. 88.
    Watkin, I.J., Tills, D., Heath, R.B.: Studies of the genetic susceptibility of individuals to infection with influenza viruses. Humangenetik 1975, 30: 75–79.Google Scholar
  89. 89.
    Matsua, S., Tanaka, H., Chiba, H., Watanabe, M., Ishidate, K.: Blood group H antigen of influenza A2 virus. Nature 1970, 226: 758.Google Scholar
  90. 90.
    Springer, G.F., Schuster, R.: Stimulation of isohemolysins and isohemagglutinins by influenza virus preparations. Vox Sanguinis 1964, 9: 589–598.Google Scholar
  91. 91.
    Springer, G.F.: Blood group A active substance in embryonated chicken eggs and their relation to egg-grown virus. Science 1962, 138: 687–689.Google Scholar
  92. 92.
    Springer, G.F., Tritel, H.: Influenza virus vaccine and blood group A-like substances. Journal of the American Medical Association 1962, 182: 1341.Google Scholar
  93. 93.
    Vicens, C.N., Nobrega, F.T., Joseph, J.M., Meyer, M.B.: Evaluation of tests for the measurement of previous mumps infection and analysis of mumps experience by blood group. American Journal of Epidemiology 1966, 84: 371–381.Google Scholar
  94. 94.
    Lewkonia, R.M., Rinn, R.: ABO blood groups distribution in serum hepatitis. British Medical Journal 1969, iii: 268–269.Google Scholar
  95. 95.
    Young, E., Roth, F.J.: Immunological cross reactivity between a glycoprotein isolated fromTrichophyton mentagrophytes and human isoantigen A. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1979, 72: 46–51.Google Scholar
  96. 96.
    Paulsen, O.: Blood-group A and giardiasis. Lancet 1977, ii: 984.Google Scholar
  97. 97.
    Sotto, A., Cabrera, S., Castro, J., Borbolla, E., Gonzalez, N., Pomar, F.: Blood groups in recurrent giardiasis. Lancet 1983, ii: 1312–1313.Google Scholar
  98. 98.
    Cameron, G.L., Staveley, J.M.: Blood group P substance in hydatid cyst fluids. Nature 1957, 179: 147–148.Google Scholar
  99. 99.
    Ben-Ismail, R., Carme, B., Mogahed, A., Niel, G., Gentilini, M.: Antigen sharing betweenFasciola hepatica and human erythrocytes. Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 1982, 33: 11–14.Google Scholar
  100. 100.
    Raik, E., Hunter, E., Warner, H.: Anti-P1 antibody production after the Casoni skin test. Medical Journal of Australia 1970, i: 1055–1056.Google Scholar
  101. 101.
    Ben-Isamail, R., Carme, B., Mogahed, A., Gentilini, M.: Blood group active substances inParagonimus westermani. Southeast Asia Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 1981, 4: 525–526.Google Scholar
  102. 102.
    Goldring, O.L., Clegg, J.A., Smithers, S.R., Terry, R.J.: Acquisition of human blood group antigens bySchistosoma mansoni. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 1976, 26: 181–187.Google Scholar
  103. 103.
    McLaren, D.J.: Disguise as an evasive strategem of parasitic organisms. Parasitology 1984, 88: 597–611.Google Scholar
  104. 104.
    Evans, T., Naidu, T.G., De Alencar, E., Pearson, R.D.: The relationship of American visceral leishmaniasis to AB0 blood group type. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1984, 33: 805–807.Google Scholar
  105. 105.
    Greenblatt, C.L., Kark, J.D., Schnur, L.F., Slutzky, G.M.: DoLeishmania serotypes mimic human blood group antigens? Lancet 1981: i: 505–506.Google Scholar
  106. 106.
    Oliver-Gonzalez, J.: Immunological properties of polysaccharides from animal parasites. Annual Review of Microbiology 1954, 8: 353–361.Google Scholar
  107. 107.
    Ottsen, E.A.: Visceral larva migrans and other unusual helminth infections. In: Mandell, G.L., Douglas, E.G., Bennett, J.E. (ed.): Principles and practice of infectious diseases. John Wiley, New York, 1985, p. 1584.Google Scholar
  108. 108.
    Muschel, L.H.: Blood groups, disease, and selection. Bacteriology Reviews 1966, 30: 427–441.Google Scholar
  109. 109.
    Beiguelman, B.: Sistema ABO e epidemiologia de lepra. Revista Paulista de Medicina 1964, 65: 80–86.Google Scholar
  110. 110.
    Vogel, F.: AB0 blood groups and leprosy. Journal of Medical Genetics 1968, 5: 56–57.Google Scholar
  111. 111.
    Millan, J., Moulin, J.P., Le Corroller, Y.: Etude hemotypologique d'un population hansenienne en Guadeloupe (F.W.I.). Acta Leprologica 1986, 4: 101–113.Google Scholar
  112. 112.
    Yankah, J.A.K.: Observations on the frequency of AB0 and Rh blood groups in leprosy and non-leprosy peoble in Ghana. Leprosy Review 1965, 36: 73–74.Google Scholar
  113. 113.
    Singh, G., Ojha, D.: Leprosy and AB0 blood groups. Journal of Medical Genetics 1967, 4: 107–108.Google Scholar
  114. 114.
    Saha, N., Banerjee, B.: AB0 blood groups., G6PD deficiency and abnormal hemoglobins in syphilis patients of three ethnic groups. Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae 1971, 20: 260–263.Google Scholar
  115. 115.
    Miler, J.J., Novotny, P., Walker, P.D., Harris, J.R.W, MacLennan, I.P.B.:Neisseria gonorrhoeae and AB0 isohaemagglutinins. Infection and Immunity 1977, 15: 713.Google Scholar
  116. 116.
    Johnson, A.P., Osborn, M.F., Hanna, N.F., Dawson, S.G., McManus, T.J., Taylor-Robinson, D.: A study of the relationship between AB0 blood groups, secretor status and infection withNeisseria gonorrhoeae. Journal of Infection 1983, 6: 171–174.Google Scholar
  117. 117.
    Matzkin, H.: Epidemiology of gonorrhea among men in the Israel Forces. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 1987, 23: 249–251.Google Scholar
  118. 118.
    Coulter, J.R.: Staphylococcal infection and blood groups. Medical Journal of Australia 1970, ii: 1056–1057.Google Scholar
  119. 119.
    White, H., Shooter, R.A.: Staphylococcal nasal carriage and wound sepsis in relation to AB0 and Rh blood groups of male surgical patients. British Medical Journal 1962, ii: 307.Google Scholar
  120. 120.
    Jhinghan, B., Mehra, N.K., Reddy, K.S., Taneja, V., Vaidya, M.C., Bhatia, M.L.: HLA, blood groups and secretor status in patients with established rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Tissue Antigens 1986, 27: 172–178.Google Scholar
  121. 121.
    Eid, A.M.: Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and AB0 blood groups and secretor status. Archives of Orthopedics and Traumatic Surgery 1985, 104: 106–108.Google Scholar
  122. 122.
    McDonald, J.C., Zuckerman, A.J.: AB0 blood groups and acute respiratory disease. British Medical Journal 1962, ii: 89–90.Google Scholar
  123. 123.
    Frolov, V.K., Sokhin, A.A., Sotnik, A.Y., Frolov, A.K., Lebedinsky, A.P., Potapova, N.A., Lapina, L.M.: Polymorphism of human blood groups and incidence of influenza A/Hong Kong (H3N2). Acta Virologica 1975, 19: 406–412.Google Scholar
  124. 124.
    Simmons, R.T., Graydon, J.J., Gadjusek, D.C., Alpers, M.P., Hornabrook, R.W.: Genetic studies in relation to kuru. II. Blood-group genetic patterns in kuru patients and populations of the eastern highlands of New Guinea. American Journal of Human Genetics 1972, 24 supplement: 39–71.Google Scholar
  125. 125.
    Neering, H.: ChronicTrychophyton rubrum infection and blood groups. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1979, 73: 392–394.Google Scholar
  126. 126.
    Singh, I.P., Walter, H., Bhasin, M.K., Bhardwaj, V., Sudhakar, K.: Genetic markers and malaria. Observatioins in Gujarat, India. Human Heredity 1986, 36: 31–36.Google Scholar
  127. 127.
    Rifaat, M.A., Salem, S.A., Hassan, Z.A., Hegazy, M.M., Mohammed, N.H., Salama, A.A.: The relation of bancroftian filariasis to blood groups in man. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 1978, 8: 147.Google Scholar
  128. 128.
    Higgins, D.A., Jenkins, D.J., Partono, F.: Timorian filariasis and AB0 blood groups. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1985, 79: 537–538.Google Scholar
  129. 129.
    Gyorkos, T.W., Sukul, N.C., DasDal, A.: Filariasis and AB0 blood group status: a critical appraisal. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1983, 77: 564–565.Google Scholar
  130. 130.
    Kassim, O.O., Ejezie, G.C.: AB0 blood groups in malaria and schistosomiasis haematobium. Acta Tropica 1982, 39: 179–184.Google Scholar
  131. 131.
    Wang, C., Wu, G., Zhu, Y., Hang, P., Yang, S.: AB0 blood group and late schistosomiasis Japonica. Chinese Medical Journal 1983, 96: 370.Google Scholar
  132. 132.
    Ben-Ismail, R., Druilhe, P., Mogahed, A., Tharavanu, S., Gentilini, M.: Anti-P1 allohemagglutinins associated withClonorchis sinensis andOpisthorchis viverrini infections in patients from Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 1982, 13: 86–90.Google Scholar
  133. 133.
    Ben-Ismail, R., Carme, B., Niel, G., Gentilini, M.: Non-specific serological reactions withEchinococcus granulosus antigens: role of anti-P1 antibodies. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1980: 29: 239–245.Google Scholar
  134. 134.
    Barnes, G.L., Kay, R.: Blood groups in giardiasis. Lancet 1977, i: 808.Google Scholar
  135. 135.
    Wyatt, G.B., Boatin, B.A., Wurpa, F.K.: Risk factors associated with the acquisition of sleeping sickness in north-east Zambia; a case-control study. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 1985, 79: 385–392.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH 1989

Authors and Affiliations

  • S. A. Berger
    • 1
  • N. A. Young
    • 2
  • S. C. Edberg
    • 2
  1. 1.Department of Clinical MicrobiologyTel-Aviv Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
  2. 2.Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale-New Haven HospitalYale University School of MedicineNew HavenUSA

Personalised recommendations

Cite article

Buy options