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The suspensory mechanism of the uterus

Les moyens de fixité de l'utérus. Bases anatomiques de la statique et de la dynamique utérines normales

Anatomical basis for the statics and dynamics of the normal uterus

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Summary

At rest the uterovaginal tube presents three angles in the sagittal plane: anteflexion, anteversion and the vaginal cap. The most important, from the functional point of view, is the angle of anteversion because it places the uterus perpendicularly in relation to the vagina. This arrangement may be explained by the erect posture of the human being and commences with the toddler as she begins to stand on her feet. The uterus is tethered on each side to the pelvic wall by a bulky neurovascular pedicle composed of uterine and vaginal vessies, the hypogastric plexus and connective tissue in continuity with that of the retroperitoneal space. This pedicle, in passive fashion, maintains the position and direction of the uterus and thanks to its elasticity allows it to mould itself to the variations in volume of the bladder and rectum and take up its normal position once these organs are emptied. The histological structure of this pedicle cannot account for its effectiveness as a suspensory ligament.

Support for the uterus in fact derives from the posterior part of the levator muscles of the anus. At rest the uterus lies behind the urogenital fissure. During effort it gains support by the intermediary of the rectum on the posterior part of the anal elevators and the anococcygeal ligament; it thus closes off the pouch of Douglas. The vaginal orifice, which represents a weakness in the muscular diaphragm of the pelvis, is closed during effort by abutment of the anterosuperior wall of the vagina onto the posteroinferior wall. The vagina, almost in the horizontal position, traverses the muscular diaphragm of the pelvis obliquely from above downwards and is thus situated almost perpendicular to the forces of rectal emptying.

Contraction of the muscular diaphragm of the pelvis, on account of its bony attachments being diametically opposed, does not close off the urogenital fissure which in the living subject lies very anteriorly in a subpubic position. Contraction results in the anal levators becoming horizontal and displacing the pelvic viscera upwards.

Résumé

Le tube utéro-vaginal présente au repos trois angles dans le plan sagittal: antéflexion, antéversion et cap vaginal. Le plus important, du point de vue fonctionnel, est l'angle d'antéversion parce qu'il place l'utérus perpendiculairement au vagin. Cette orientation est expliquée par la station érigée de l'être humain et apparaît chez l'enfant avec la marche. L'utérus est relié de chaque côté à la paroi pelvienne par un volumineux pédicule vasculonerveux composé des vaisseaux utérins et vaginaux, du plexus hypogastrique et du tissu conjonctif qui est en continuité avec celui de l'espace rétropéritonéal. Ce pédicule maintient de façon passive la position et l'orientation de l'utérus et, grâce à son élasticité, lui permet de s'adapter aux variations de volume de la vessie et du rectum et de reprendre son orientation normale dès que ces viscères sont vides. La structure histologique de ce pédicule ne permet pas de lui attribuer un rôle de suspension efficace.

Le véritable support de l'utérus est la partie postérieure des muscles élévateurs de l'anus. Au repos, l'utérus est en arrière de la fente urogénitale. Au cours de la poussée d'effort, il vient s'appuyer par l'intermédiaire du rectum sur la partie postérieure des élévateurs et le ligament ano-coccygien, et ferme ainsi le cul-de-sac de Douglas. Le hiatus vaginal, point de faiblesse du diaphragme musculaire pelvien est fermé au cours de l'effort par l'accolement de la paroi antéro-supérieure du vagin sur la paroi postéro-inférieure. Le vagin, très près de l'horizontal, traverse obliquement en haut et en arrière le diaphragme musculaire pelvien et se trouve ainsi placé presque perpendiculairement aux forces d'expulsion.

La contraction du diaphragme musculaire pelvien, du fait de ses insertions osseuses diamétralement opposées, ne ferme pas la fente uro-génitale qui est chez le sujet vivant très antérieure, sous pubienne, mais elle horizontalise le plan des élévateurs et déplace vers le haut l'ensemble des viscères pelviens.

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Bastian, D., Lassau, J.P. The suspensory mechanism of the uterus. Anat. Clin 4, 147–160 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01800624

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