Gastric cancer: an epidemiological review
Article
Received:
Accepted:
- 29 Downloads
- 2 Citations
Abstract
An attempt is made to synthesize the epidemiological literature and identify salient factors from the multitude of potential antecedents of gastric cancer, factors which to a greater or lesser degree create nonrandom variations in the distribution of the disease. Implicit in this approach is the notion that observation of spatial variations in the incidence of gastric cancer may lead to hypotheses relating to the biological, personal and physical environmental factors. An extensive bibliography accompanies the text.
Keywords
Gastric Cancer Environmental Factor Geochemistry Spatial Variation Salient Factor
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Aird, I. and Bentall, H.H. 1953. Relationship between stomach cancer and ABO blood groups.British Medical J.,1, 799–801.Google Scholar
- Alderson, M. 1981.International Mortality Statistics. Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
- Allen-Price, E.D. 1960. Uneven distribution of cancer in West Devon, with particular reference to the divers water supplies.The Lancet,i, 12358.Google Scholar
- Ames, R.G. 1982. Gastric cancer in coal miners: some hypotheses for investigation.J. Soc. Occupational Medicine,32, 73–81.Google Scholar
- Ames, R.G. 1983. Gastric cancer and coal mine dust exposure.Cancer,52, 1346–50.Google Scholar
- Antonioli, D.A. and Goldman, H. 1982. Changes in the location and type of gastric adenocarcinoma.Cancer,50, 775–781.Google Scholar
- Armijo, R., Orellana, M., Medina, E., Coulson, A.H., Sayre, J.W. and Detels, R. 1981 a, b. Epidemiology of gastric cancer in Chile: 1. Case-control study; Epidemiology of gastric cancer in Chile: 2. Nitrate exposures and stomach cancer frequency.Intl J. Epidemiology,10, 53–56 and10, 57–62.Google Scholar
- Armijo, R. and Coulson, A.H. 1975. Epidemiology of stomach cancer in Chile — the role of nitrogen fertilizers.Intl J. Epidemiology,4, 301–309.Google Scholar
- Armstrong, B. 1980. The epidemiology of cancer in the People's Republic of China.Intl J. Epidemiology,9, 305–315.Google Scholar
- Ashley, D.J.B. 1969. Gastric cancer in Wales.J. Medicine and Genetics,6, 76–79.Google Scholar
- Ashley, D.J.B. and Davies, H.D. 1966. Gastric cancer in Wales.Gut,7, 542–548.Google Scholar
- Baker, S.R. 1980. Pitfalls in evaluation of cancer data for geographic analysis. In: Melinda S. Meade (ed.),Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Medical Geography, pp.155–169. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: Dept. of Geography Studies No. 15Google Scholar
- Beresford, S.A.A. 1981. Is nitrate in the drinking water associated with the risk of cancer in the urban United Kingdom?Intl J. Epidemiology,14, 57–63.Google Scholar
- Berkson, J., Comfort, M.W. and Butt, H.R. 1954. Occurrence of gastric cancer in persons with achlorhydria and with pernicious anaemia.Mayo Clinical Proceedings,31, 583–596.Google Scholar
- Bjelke, E. 1974. Epidemiological studies of cancer of the stomach, colon and rectum, with special emphasis on the role of diet.Scandinavian J. Gastroenterology,9, supp 1, 1–253.Google Scholar
- Boyd, J., Langman, M. and Doll, R. 1964. The epidemiology of gastrointestinal cancer with special reference to causation.Gut,5, 196–200.Google Scholar
- Bradshaw, E., Harrington, J.S. and McGlashan, N.D. 1983. Geographical distribution of lung and stomach cancers in South Africa, 1968–1972.South African Medical J.,64, 655–663.Google Scholar
- Bross, I.D., Viadana, E. and Hooten, L. 1978. Occupational cancer in men exposed to dust and other environmental hazards.Architecture Environmental and Health,33, 300–307.Google Scholar
- Buell, P. and Dunn, J.E. 1965. Cancer mortality among Japanese Issei and Nisei of California.Cancer,18, 656–664.Google Scholar
- Burr, M.L., Samloff, I.M., Bates, C.J. and Holliday, R.M. 1987. Atrophic gastritis and vitamin C status in two towns with different stomach cancer death rates.British J. Cancer,56, 163–167.Google Scholar
- Chilvers, C. and Adelstein, A. 1978. Cancer mortality: the regional pattern.Population Trends,12, 4–9.Google Scholar
- Choi, N.W., Entwistle, D.W., Mickaluk, W. and Nelson, N. 1970. Gastric cancer in Icelanders in Manitoba.Israel J. Medical Science,7, 1500–1508.Google Scholar
- Clemmesen, J. 1977. Gastric carcinoma decreasing in incidence?Acta Pathologica el Microbiologies Scandinavica, supp 261, 65–75.Google Scholar
- Clemmeson, J. and Nielsen, A. 1957. Comparison of age-adjusted cancer incidence rates in Denmark and United States.J. National Cancer Institute,19, 989–998.Google Scholar
- Coggon, D. and Acheson, E.D. 1984. The geography of cancer of the stomach.British Medical Bulletin,40(4), 335–341.Google Scholar
- Correa, P. 1970. Geographic pathology of cancer in Colombia.Intl Pathology,11, 16–22 (cited in Howsonet al., 1986).Google Scholar
- Correa, P. 1982. Precursors of gastric and esophageal cancer.Cancer,50, 2554–65.Google Scholar
- Correa, P., Cuello, C. and Duque, E. 1970. Carcinoma and intestinal metaplasia of the stomach in Colombian migrants.J. National Cancer Inst.,44. 297–306.Google Scholar
- Correa, P., Cuello, C., Fajardo, L.F., Haenszel, W., Colanos, O. and De Ramirez, B. 1983. Diet and gastric cancer: nutrition survey in a high risk area.J. National Cancer Inst.,70, 673.Google Scholar
- Correa, P., Cuello, C., Gordillo, L.F.,el al. 1975. The gastric microenvironment in populations at high risk to stomach cancer.National Cancer Inst. Monograph,53, 167–170.Google Scholar
- Correa, P., Fontham, E., Pickle, L.W., Chen, V., Lin, Y.P. and Haenszel, W. 1985. Dietary determinants of gastric cancer in South Louisianian inhabitants.J. National Cancer Inst.,75, 645.Google Scholar
- Correa, P., Haenszel, W. and Tannenbaum, S. 1982. Epidemiology of gastric cancer: review and future prospects.National Cancer Inst. Monograph,62, 129–134.Google Scholar
- Correa, P., Sasano, N., Stemmermann, G.N. and Haenszel, W. 1973. Pathology of gastric carcinoma in Japanese populations: comparisons between Miyagi prefecture, Japan and Hawaii.J. National Cancer Inst.,51, 1449–59.Google Scholar
- Craven, J.L., Baum, M. and West, R.R. 1979. Variations in gastric cancer mortality in South Wales.Clinical Oncology,5, 341–51.Google Scholar
- Cuello, C., Correa, P. and Haenszel, W. 1976. Gastric cancer in Colombia I: cancer risk and suspect environmental agents.J. National Cancer Inst.,57, 1015–1020.Google Scholar
- Davies, R.I. and Griffith, G.W. 1954. Cancer and soils in the county of Anglesey.British J. Cancer,8, 56–66.Google Scholar
- Davies, J.M. 1980. Stomach cancer mortality in Worksop and other Nottinghamshire mining towns.British J. Cancer,28, 562–567.Google Scholar
- Davies, J.M. and Chilvers, C. 1980. The study of mortality variations in small administrative areas of England and Wales, with special reference to cancer.J. Epidemiology and Community Health,34, 87–92.Google Scholar
- Day, D. 1981. Histopathology of gastric cancer. In: Fielding, J., Newman, C., Ford, C. and Jones, B. (eds.).Gastric Cancer pp.95–110. Pergamon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
- Day, N.B. 1984. The geographic pathology of cancers of the oesophagus.British Medical Bulletin,40, 329–334.Google Scholar
- Devesa, S.S. and Silverman, D.T. 1978. Cancer incidence and mortality trends in the United States: 1935–74.J. National Cancer Inst.,60, 545–571.Google Scholar
- Doll, R. 1956. Environmental factors in aetiology of cancer of the stomach.Gastroenterologia,86, 320–328.Google Scholar
- Doll, R. 1967. Worldwide distribution of gastrointestinal cancer.National Cancer Inst. Monograph,25, 173–190.Google Scholar
- Dungal, N. 1961. Special problems of stomach cancer in Iceland: with particular reference to dietary factors.J. Am. Medical Assoc.,178, 789–798.Google Scholar
- Dungal, N. and Sigurjonsson, J. 1967. Gastric cancer and diet.British J. Cancer,21, 270–6.Google Scholar
- Evans, I.A. 1986. The carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic toxicity of bracken. In: Smith, R.T. and Taylor, A. (eds.),Bracken, Ecology, Land Use and Control Technology, pp.139–146. Parthenon Publishing Group, Carnforth.Google Scholar
- Fenwick, G.R. 1988. Bracken Pteridium aquilinum — toxic effects and toxic constituents.J. Sci. Food Agriculture,46, 147–173.Google Scholar
- Galpin, O.P. and Smith, R.M.M. 1986. Bracken, stomach cancer and water supplies: is there a link ? In: Smith, R.T. and Taylor, J. A. (eds.),Bracken, Ecology, Land Use and Control Technology, pp.147–159. Parthenon Publishing Group, Carnforth.Google Scholar
- Gardner, M.J. 1973. Using the environment to explain and predict mortality.J. Royal Statistical Soc., Series A,136(3), 421–440.Google Scholar
- Gardner, M. J. 1984. Mapping cancer mortality in England and Wales.British Medical Bull.,40 4, 320–328.Google Scholar
- Gardner, M.J., Winter, P.D., Taylor, C.P. and Acheson, E.D. 1983.Atlas of Cancer Mortality in England and Wales 1968–1978, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.Google Scholar
- Gfflis, C.R. 1977. Malignant neoplasms. In: Howe, G.M. (ed.),A World Geography of Human Disease, pp.507–534.Google Scholar
- Grabiec, J. and Owen, D.A. 1985. Carcinoma of the stomach in young persons.Cancer,56, 388–396.Google Scholar
- Graham, S. and Lilienfeld, 1958. Genetic studies of gastric cancer in humans: appraisal.Cancer,11, 954–958.Google Scholar
- Graham, S., Lilenfeld, A.M. and Tidings, J.E. 1967. Dietary and purgation factors in the epidemiology of gastric cancer.Cancer,20, 2224–2234.Google Scholar
- Graham, S., Schotz, W. and Martino, P. 1972. Alimentary factors in the epidemiology of gastric cancer.Cancer,30, 927–938.Google Scholar
- Gregor, O., Toman, R., Prusova, F., Dmkova, V., Pastorova, J. 1969. Geographical distribution of stomach cancer in Czechoslavakia.Gut,10, 150–154.Google Scholar
- Griffiths, W. and Davies, R.I. 1954. Cancer and soils in the county of Anglesey: a revised method of comparison.British J. Cancer,8, 594–598.Google Scholar
- Griffith, G.W. 1968. The sex ratio in gastric cancer and hypothetical considerations relative to aetiology.British J. Cancer,22, 163–172.Google Scholar
- Haenszel, W. 1958. Variations in the incidence of and mortality from stomach cancer, with particular reference to United States.J. National Cancer Inst.,21, 213–262.Google Scholar
- Haenszel, W. 1961. Cancer mortality among foreign-born in United States.J. National Cancer Inst.,26, 37–132.Google Scholar
- Haenszel, W., Kurihara, M., Segi, M. and Lee, R.K.C. 1972. Stomach cancer among Japanese in Hawaii.J. National Cancer Inst.,49, 969–988.Google Scholar
- Haenszel, W., Kurihara, M., Locke, F.B., Shimuzu, K. and Segi, M. 1976. Stomach cancer in Japan.J. National Cancer Inst,56, 265–274.Google Scholar
- Haenszel, W. and Correa, P. 1975. Developments in the epidemiology of stomach cancer over the past decade.Cancer Res.,35, 3452–3459.Google Scholar
- Haenszel, W. and Kurihara, M. 1968. Studies of Japanese migrants: 1. mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States.J. National Cancer Inst.,40, 43–68.Google Scholar
- Hakama, M. and Saxen, E.A. 1967. Cereal consumption and gastric cancer.Intl J. Cancer,2, 265–268.Google Scholar
- Hanai, A., Fujimoto, I. and Taniguchi, H. 1982. Trends of stomach cancer incidence and histological types in Osaka. In: Magnus, K. (ed.).Trends in Cancer Incidence: Causes and Practical Implications, pp. 143–154. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York.Google Scholar
- Hanis, N.M., Stavraky, K.M. and Fowler, J.L. 1979. Cancer mortality in oil refinery workers.J. Occupational Medicine,21, 167–174.Google Scholar
- Hawksworth, G., Hill, J., Gordillo, G. and Cuello, C. 1974. Possible relationships between nitrates, nitrosamines and gastric cancer in south-west Colombia. In: Bogovski, P., Walker, E.A. and Davies, W. (eds.),N-Nitroso Compounds in the Environment. International Agency for Research on Cancer No.9, pp.229–234. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon.Google Scholar
- Higginson, J. 1966. Etiologic factors in gastro-intestinal cancer in man.J. National Cancer Inst.,37, 527–545.Google Scholar
- Hirayama, T. 1971. Epidemiology of stomach cancer.Gann Monograph,11, 3–19.Google Scholar
- Hirayama, T. 1975. Epidemiology of cancer of the stomach with special reference to its recent decrease in Japan.Cancer Res.,35, 3460–3463.Google Scholar
- Hirayama, T. 1979. Diet and cancer,Nutrition and Cancer,1(3), 67–81.Google Scholar
- Hirayama, T. 1981. A large scale cohort study on the relationship between diet and selected cancers of the digestive organs. In: Brace, R.W., Correa, P. and Lipkin, M. (eds.),Gastrointestinal Cancer: Endogenous Factors, pp.409–429. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York.Google Scholar
- Hirayama, T. 1984. Epidemiology of stomach cancer in Japan: with special reference to the strategy for primary prevention.Japanese J. Clinical Oncology,14, 159–168 (cited in HOWSONet al, 1986).Google Scholar
- Hirayama, T. and Yusa, Y. 1963. The epidemiology of cancer of the stomach in Japan, with special reference to the role of diet (cited in A. Oshima and I. Fujimoto, 1983) In:.Google Scholar
- Hoover, R., Mason, T.J., McKay, F.W. and Fraumeni, J.F. 1975. Cancer by county: new resource for etiological clues.Science,189, 1005–1007.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Howe, G.M. 1959. Geographical distribution of disease with special reference to cancer of the lung and stomach in Wales.British J, Prev. and Soc. Medicine,13, 204–210.Google Scholar
- Howe, G.M. 1970.National Atlas of Disease Mortality in the United Kingdom. Nelson, London.Google Scholar
- Howe, G.M. 1972.Man, Environment and Disease in Britain. David and Charles, Newton Abbot.Google Scholar
- Howson, C.P., Hiyama, T. and Wynder, E.L. 1986. The decline in gastric cancer: epidemiology of an unplanned triumph.Epidemiological Reviews,8, 1–27.Google Scholar
- Hu, J., Zhang, S., Jia, E., Wang, Q., Liu, S. Liu, Y. Wu, Y. and Cheng, Y. 1988. Diet and cancer of the stomach: a case control study in China.Inlt J. Cancer,41, 331–335.Google Scholar
- Japan Ministry of Health and Welfare. 1983.Age-adjusted Mortality Rales of Selected Causes of Death, (cited by Howsonet al., 1986).Google Scholar
- Jensen, O.M. 1982. Nitrate in drinking water and cancer in northern Jutland, Denmark, with special reference to stomach cancer.Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety,6, 258–267.Google Scholar
- Joossens, J.V., Kesteloot, H. and Amery, A. 1967. Salt intake and mortality from stroke.New England J. Medicine,300, 1396.Google Scholar
- Kawashima, S. 1966. Early gastric cancer in Japan.Scandinavian J. Gastroenterology,1, 248–253.Google Scholar
- Kendrick, B.L. 1980. A spatial, environmental and socio-economic appraisal of cancer in New Zealand.Social Science and Medicine,14D, 205–214.Google Scholar
- King, H. and Haenszel, W. 1973. Cancer mortality among foreignbom and native-born Chinese in the United States.J. Chronic Disease,26, 623–646.Google Scholar
- King, P.E. 1979. Problems of spatial analysis in geographical epidemiology.Social Science and Medicine,13D, 249–252.Google Scholar
- Kmet, J. 1970. The role of migrant populations in studies of selected cancer sites: a review.J. Chronic Disease,23, 305–324.Google Scholar
- Karus, A., Levin, M. and Gerhardt, P.A. 1957. A study of occupational associations with gastric cancer.American J. Public Health,47, 961–970.Google Scholar
- Kriebel, D. and Jowett, D. 1979. Stomach cancer mortaiity in the north central states: high risk is not limited to the foreign-born.Nutrition and Cancer,1, 8–12.Google Scholar
- Lauren, P. 1965. The two histological main types of gastric cancer: diffuse and so-called intestinal type carcinoma: an attempt at a histol-clinical classification.Acta Palhologica et Microbiologicia Scandinavica,64, 31–49.Google Scholar
- Learmonth, A.T.A. 1978.Patterns of Disease and Hunger. David and Charles, Newton Abbot.Google Scholar
- Learmonth. A.T.A. 1988.Disease Ecology (in press).Google Scholar
- Learmonth, A.T.A. and Grau, R. 1979. Maps of some standardised mortality ratios for Australia for 1965–1966 compared with 1959–1963. School of Geography, Occasional Paper No. 8. Australian National University, School of General Studies, Canberra. (Cited in Learmonth, 1988.)Google Scholar
- Legon, C.D. 1951. A note on geographical variations in cancer mortality, with special reference to gastric cancer in Wales.British J. Cancer,5, 175–179.Google Scholar
- Legon, C.D. 1952. The aetiological significance of geographical variations in cancer mortality.British Medical J.,2, 700–702.Google Scholar
- Levine, D.F. and Beeer, M. 1984. Measurement of plasma group I pepsinogens.Postgraduate Medical J.,60, 582.Google Scholar
- MacDonald, W.C., Anderson, F.H. and Hashimoto, S. 1967. Histological effect of certain pickles on the human gastric mucosa: a preliminary report.Canadian Medical Assoc. J.,96, 1521–1525.Google Scholar
- Michael, A.J., McCall, M.G., Hartshorne, J.M. and Woodings, T.L. 1980. Patterns of gastro-intestinal cancer in European migrants to Australia: the role of dietary change.International J. Cancer,25, 431–437.Google Scholar
- Macklin, M.T. 1955. Role of heredity in gastric and intestinal cancer.Gastroenterology,29, 507–514.Google Scholar
- Matolo, N.M., Klauber, M.R., Gorishek, W.M. and Dixon, J.A. 1972. High incidence of gastric carcinoma in a coal mining region.Cancer,29, 733–737.Google Scholar
- Meinsma, L. 1964. Voeding en kanker.Voeding,25, 357–365. (Cited in Howsonet al., 1986.)Google Scholar
- Mesle, F. 1984. Cancers digestif et alimentation.Geosanle Symposium, pp.382–404. (Cited in Learmonth, 1988.)Google Scholar
- Michioka, O. 1985. Experimental and epidemiological studies on the mutagendepressive substances in vegetables.Akita J. Medicine,11, 23766.Google Scholar
- Mirvish, S.S. 1983. The etiology of gastric cancer: intragastric nitrosamide formation and other theories.J. National Cancer Inst.,71, 63147.Google Scholar
- Millar, I.B. 1961. Gastro-intestinal cancer and geochemistry in north Monmouthshire.British J. Cancer,15, 175–199.Google Scholar
- Miller, A.B. 1982. Risk factors from geographic epidemiology for gastrointestinal cancer.Cancer,50, 2533–2540.Google Scholar
- Modan, B., Lubin, F. and Barell, V.et al. 1974. The role of starches in the etiology of gastric cancer.Cancer,34, 2087–2092.Google Scholar
- Morris, J.N. 1975.Uses of Epidemiology, 3rd. Edn. Churchill Livingstone, London.Google Scholar
- Munoz, N. and Asvall, J. 1971. Time trends of intestinal and diffuse types of gastric cancer in Norway.Intl J. Cancer,8, 144–157.Google Scholar
- Munoz, N., Correa, P., Cuello, C. and Duque, E. 1968. Histological types of gastric carcinoma in high and low risk areas.Intl J. Cancer,3, 809–818.Google Scholar
- Munoz, N. and Steinitz, R. 1971. Comparative histology of gastric cancer in migrant groups in Israel.Israel J. Med. Science,7, 1479–1487.Google Scholar
- Newill, V.A. 1961. Distribution of cancer mortality among ethnic subgroups of white population of New York City 1953–58.J. National Cancer Inst.,26, 405–417.Google Scholar
- Nobrega, F.T. Sedlack, J.D., Sedlack, R.E., Dockerty, M.B., Ustrup, D.M. and Kurland, L.T. 1983. A decline in carcinoma of the stomach: a diagnostic artifact?Mayo Clinical Proceedings,58, 255–260.Google Scholar
- Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. 1978. Occupational mortality: The Registrar General's decennial supplement for England and Wales 1970–72. H.M.S.O., London.Google Scholar
- Olinder, O. 1953. (Cited by Haenszel, 1958.).Google Scholar
- Oshima, A. and Fujimoto, I. 1983. Cancer of the stomach. In: Bourke, G.J. (ed.),The Epidemiology of Cancer, pp. 116–130. Croorn Helm, London.Google Scholar
- Parente, F., Lazzaruni, M., Sangaletti, O., Baroni, S. and Porro, G.B. 1985. Cigarette smoking, gastric acid secretion, and serum pepsinogen I concentrations in duodenal ulcer patients.Gut,26, 1327.Google Scholar
- Parkin, D.M., Sljernsward, J. and Muir, C.S. 1984. Estimates of the worldwide frequency of twelve major cancers.Bull. World Health Organisation,62, 163–182.Google Scholar
- Petersen, E. and Magnus, K. 1961. Gastro-intestinal cancer in Norway.Acta Unio Internal, contra Cancrum,17, 373–379.Google Scholar
- Phillips, A.J. and Owchar, M. 1955. Mortality trends in Canada for various sites of cancer.Canadian Medical Assoc. J.,73, 626–630.Google Scholar
- Prudente, A. and Mirra, A.P. 1961. Gastric cancer in Japanese people living in Brazil.Acta Unio Internat, contra Cancrum,17, 851–857.Google Scholar
- Quisenberry, W.B. 1955. Stomach cancer in Hawaii.Medical Arts and Science,9, 74–81.Google Scholar
- Roberts, J.A.F. 1959. Some associations between blood groups and disease.British Medical Bull.,15, 129–133.Google Scholar
- Rushton, L. and Alderson, M.R. 1981. An epidemiological study of eight oil refineries in Britain.British J. Industrial Medicine,38, 225–234.Google Scholar
- Sandler, R.S. and Holland, K.L. 1987. Trends in gastric cancer sex ratio in the United States.Cancer,59, 1032–1035.Google Scholar
- Sato, T., Fukuyama, T. and Suzuki, T. 1959. Studies of the causation of gastric cancer: 2. The relation between gastric cancer mortality rate and salted food intake in several places in Japan.Bull. Inst. Public Health,8, 187–198. (Cited in Howsonet al., 1986.)Google Scholar
- Saxen, E. 1961. Gastro-intestinal cancer in Finland.Acta Unio Internal, contra Cancrum,17, 367–372.Google Scholar
- Seely, S. 1978. The recession of gastric cancer and its possible causes.Medical Hypotheses,4(1), 50–57.Google Scholar
- Segi, M., Fukushima, L., Fujisaku, S., Kurihara, M., Saito, S., Asano, K. and Kamoi, M. 1957. Epidemiological study on cancer in Japan.GANN Monograph,48, supp 1–63. (Cited in Wynderet al., 1963.)Google Scholar
- Segi, M. 1960. Cancer mortality for selected sites in twenty-four countries 1950–1957. Department of Public Health, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. (Cited in Wynderel al., 1963.)Google Scholar
- Segi, M. and Kurihara, M. 1960. Cancer in Japan from viewpoint of geographical pathology.Tohoku J. Experimental Medicine,72, 169–193.Google Scholar
- Segi, M. and Kurihara, M. 1972. Cancer mortality for selected sites in twenty-four countries 1966–1967. Cancer Studies, pp.1–137. Tohyo, JapanGoogle Scholar
- Segi, M. Aoki, K. and Kurihara, M. 1981. World cancer mortality. In: Segi, M., Tominaga, S., Aoki, K. and Fujimoto, I (eds.),Cancer Mortality and Morbidity Statistics, Japan and the World. GANN Monograph on Cancer Research No. 26(3), p.121.Google Scholar
- Selikoff, I.J., Churg, J. and Hammond, E.C. 1964. Asbestos exposure and neoplasia.J. Am. Medical Assoc.,188, 142–146.Google Scholar
- Sigurjansson, J. 1966. Geographical variations in mortality from cancer in Iceland, with particular reference to stomach cancer.J. National Cancer Inst.,37, 337–346.Google Scholar
- Siurala, M., Isokosk, M., Varis, K. and Kekki, M. 1968. Prevalence of gastritis in a rural population: bioptic study of subjects selected at random.Scandinavian J. Gastroenterology,3, 211.Google Scholar
- Smith, R.L. 1957. Mortality attributed to cancer in Hawaiians and Filipinos of Hawaii and other racial groups of United States and Hawaii.J. National Cancer Inst.,18, 397–405.Google Scholar
- Stahelin, H.B., Rosel, F., Buess E. and Brubacher, G. 1984. Cancer, vitamins and plasma lipids: prospective Basel study.J. National Cancer Inst.,73, 1463.Google Scholar
- Staszewski, J. McCall, M.G. and Stenhouse, N.S. 1971. Cancer mortality in 1962–66 among Polish migrants to Australia.British J. Cancer,25, 599–610.Google Scholar
- Stocks, P. 1936. Distribution in England and Wales of cancers of various organs.14th Annual Report, British Empire Cancer Campaign, pp.239–280. British Empire Cancer Campaign, London.Google Scholar
- Stocks, P. 1957. Cancer in North Wales and Liverpool region.35th Annual Report, British Empire Cancer Campaign, pp.51–66 and 95–113. British Empire Cancer Campaign, London.Google Scholar
- Stocks, P. and Davies, R.I. 1960. Investigation of a localised high incidence of gastric cancer.Public Health, (August).Google Scholar
- Stocks, P. and Davies, R.I. 1964. Zinc and copper content of the soils associated with the incidence of cancer of the stomach and other organs.British J. Cancer,18, 14–24.Google Scholar
- Svendsen, J.H., Dahl, C., Svendsen, L.B. and Christiansen, P.M. 1986. Gastric cancer risk in achlorhydric patients: a long-term follow up study.Scandinavian J. Gastroenterology,21, 16.Google Scholar
- Takehashi, E. 1978.Ecologie Human Biology. Medical Information Service, Japan.Google Scholar
- Taylor, J.A. 1988. Biological control of bracken report on the International Bracken Group Meeting at York on the 8th October 1987.Area,20(2), 165–166.Google Scholar
- Thomas, T.L., Waxweiler, R.J. and Moure-Eraso, R. 1982. Mortality patterns among workers in three Texas oil refineries.J. Occupational Medicine,24, 135–141.Google Scholar
- Trichopoulos, D., Ouranis, G., Day, N.B.,el al. 1985. Diet and cancer of the stomach: a case-control study in Greece.Intl J. Cancer,36, 291.Google Scholar
- Tromp, S.W. 1956. Geographical distribution of cancer of stomach in Netherlands period 1946–1952.British J. Cancer,10, 265–281.Google Scholar
- Tromp, S.W. and Diehl, J.C. 1955. A statistical study of the possible relationship between cancer of the stomach and soil.British J. Cancer,9, 349–357.Google Scholar
- Tulchinsky, D. and Modan, B. 1967. Epidemiological aspects of cancer of the stomach in Israel.Cancer,20, 1311–1317.Google Scholar
- Verhasselt, Y. 1981. Geography of stomach cancer in Belgium: an approach.Geographical Medicine,XX, 104–115.Google Scholar
- Viadana, E., Bross, I.D. and Hooten, L. 1976. Cancer experience of men exposed to inhalation of chemicals or to combustion products.J. Occupational Medicine,18, 787–792.Google Scholar
- Villako, K., Kekki, M., Tamm, A.et al. 1982. Epidemiology and dynamics of gastritis in a representative sample of an Estonian urban population.Scandinavian J. Gastroenterology,17, 601.Google Scholar
- Villako, K., Tamm, A., Savisaar, E. and Ruttas, M. 1976. Prevalence of antral and fundic gastritis in a randomly selected group of an Estonian rural population.Scandinavian J. Gastroenterology,11, 817.Google Scholar
- Villalobos-Salazar, J. 1986. Biological control of bracken.AREA,20(2), pp.165–66. (Cited by Taylor, 1988.)Google Scholar
- Wahrendorf, J. 1986. The changing face of cancer epidemiology.Statistics in Medicine,5, 547–553.Google Scholar
- Warwick, O.H. and Phillips, J. 1954. Cancer among Canadian Indians.British J. Cancer,8, 223–230.Google Scholar
- Waterhouse, J. 1985. International epidemiology of cancer.J. Royal College of Physicians,19, 10–22.Google Scholar
- Waterhouse, J., Muir, C. and Correa, P.,el al. (eds), 1976.Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol.3. International Agency for Research on Cancer No. 15. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon.Google Scholar
- Waterhouse, J., Muir, C., Shanmugaratnam, K. and Powell, J. 1986.Cancer Incidence in Five Continents, Vol.4. International Agency for Research on Cancer No. 42. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon.Google Scholar
- Weinberg, G.B., Kuller, L.H. and Stehr, P.A. 1985. A case-control study of stomach cancer in a coal mining region of Pennsylvania.Cancer,56, 703–713.Google Scholar
- Weisberger, J.H. 1985. Nutrition and cancer prevention: gastrointestinal cancer.GANN Monograph,31, 275–283.Google Scholar
- Weisburger, J.H. and Rainen, R. 1975. Assessment of human exposure and response to N-Nitroso components: a view on the etiology of digestive tract cancers.Toxicol. Applied Pharmacology,31, 369–374.Google Scholar
- Weisburger, J.H., Reddy, B.S. and Fiala, E.S. 1983. Update on gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. In: Glass, G.B.J. and Sherlock, P. (eds.),Progress in Gastroenterology, Vol.4., pp.327–344. Grune and Stratton, New York.Google Scholar
- Welsh Office. 1988.Cancer Registration in Wales: 1974–1984. Welsh Office Government Statistical Service, UK.Google Scholar
- Wilson, N.A. 1970.The Sociology of Health: an Introduction. Random House, New York.Google Scholar
- Woolfe, C.M. 1954. A further study on the familial aspects of carcinoma of the stomach.American J. Human Genetics,8, 102–109.Google Scholar
- Wynder, E.L., Kmet, J., Dungal, N. and Segi, M. 1963. An epidemiological investigation of gastric cancer.Cancer,16, 1461–1496.Google Scholar
- Zaldivar, R. and Robinson, H. 1973. Epidemiological investigation on stomach cancer mortality in Chileans: associations with nitrate fertilizer.Z. Krebsforsch,80, 289–295. (Cited in Coggon and Acheson, 1984.)Google Scholar
Copyright information
© Sciences and Technology Letters 1990