Conclusion
Estrogens clearly have beneficial effects on the skeleton of postmenopausal women. The development of the agents that act like estrogens in the skeleton but may have a different pattern of effect in other tissues, suggests the possibility that tissue-selective estrogens may become important in the management of post-menopausal women in the future, especially those who may be at risk of osteoporosis. Greater understanding of the action of these tissue-selective estrogens will allow the development of a novel compound with profiles that may target more definitively the needs of the postmenopausal population.
Keywords
Public Health Estrogen Osteoporosis Beneficial Effect Postmenopausal Woman
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.Albright F, Bloomberg F, Smith PH. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1940;55:298–305.Google Scholar
- 2.Lindsay R. The menopause and osteoporosis. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:16S-19SGoogle Scholar
- 3.Cosman F, Dempster D, Lindsay R. Clinical effects of estrogens and anti-estrogens on the skeleton and skeletal metabolism. In: Lindsay R, Dempster DW, Jordan CV (eds) Estrogens and anti-estrogens: Basic and Clinical Aspects, Lippincott-Raven, 1997, in press.Google Scholar
- 4.Lindsay R. Estrogen deficiency. In: Riggs BL, Melton LJ, editorss. Osteoporosis: etiology, diagnosis and management. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1995:133–60.Google Scholar
- 5.Seibel MJ, Cosman F, Shen V, et al. Urinary hydroxypyridinium crosslinks of collagen are markers of bone resorption and estrogen efficacy in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner 1993;8:881–9.Google Scholar
- 6.Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK, Gerkins VR, et al. Menopausal estrogen therapy and hip fractures. Ann Intern Med 1981;95:28–31.Google Scholar
- 7.Lindsay R. Estrogens, bone mass, and osteoporotic fracture. Am J Med 1991;91:5B-10S–13S.Google Scholar
- 8.Gallagher JC, Kable WT, Goldgar D. Effect of progestin therapy on cortical and trabecular bone: comparison with estrogen. Am J Med 1991;90:171–8.Google Scholar
- 9.Abdalla HI, Hart DM, Lindsay R, Beastall GH. Organon OD-14 (Tibolone) and menopausal dynamic hormone profiles. Maturitas 1986;8:81–5.Google Scholar
- 10.Raisz LG, Wiita B, Artis A, et al. Comparison of the effects of estrogen alone and estrogen plus androgen on biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endrocrinol Metab 1996;81:37–43.Google Scholar
- 11.Love RR, Mazess RB, Tormey DC, et al. Bone mineral density in women with breast cancer treated with adjuvant tamoxifen for at least two years. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1988;12:297–301.Google Scholar
- 12.Turkin S, Siris E, Seldin D, et al. Effects of tamoxifen on spinal bone density in women with breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;71:1086–8.Google Scholar
- 13.Fentiman IS, Saad Z, Caleffi M, et al. Tamoxifen protects against steroid induced bone loss. Eur J Cancer 1992;28:684–5.Google Scholar
- 14.Love RR, Mazess RB, Barden HS, et al. Effects of tamoxifen on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1992;326:852–6.Google Scholar
- 15.Kristensen B, Ejlertsen B, Dalgaar P, et al. Tamoxifen and bone metabolism in postmenopausal low risk breast cancer patients: a randomized study. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:992–7.Google Scholar
- 16.Kapikian AZ, Goldberg KM, Knowlton DR, et al. Tamoxifen reduces bone turnover and prevents lumbar spine and proximal femoral bone loss in early postmenopausal women. Bone Miner 1993;22:87–94.Google Scholar
- 17.Grey AB, Stapleton JP, Evans MC, et al. The effect of anti-estrogen tamoxifen on bone mineral density in normal late postmenopausal women. Am J Med 1995;99:636–41.Google Scholar
- 18.Powles TJ, Hickish T, Kanis JA, et al. Effect of tamoxifen on bone mineral density measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in healthy premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:78–84.Google Scholar
- 19.Wright CDP, Mansel RE, Gazet JC, et al. Effect of long term tamoxifen treatment on bone turnover in women with breast cancer. BMJ 1993;306:429–30.Google Scholar
- 20.Draper MW, Flowers DE, Huster WJ, et al. A controlled trial of raloxifene (LY139481) HC1: impact on bone turnover and serum lipid profile in healthy, postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:835–42.Google Scholar
- 21.Cosman F, Nieves J, Sherwood D, et al. Comparative effects of tissue selective estrogens and estrogen on bone mineral turnover. J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:S450.Google Scholar
- 22.Heaney RP, Draper MW. Raloxifene mimics estrogen in human bone remodelling kenetics. J Bone Miner Res 1996;11:S446.Google Scholar
Copyright information
© European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation 1997