Konkurrenzbeziehungen und Verhaltensantworten gegenüber dem Gesang: Artnorm und individuelle Variabilität bei der Zaunammer (Emberiza cirlus)
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Zusammenfassung
Bei der Zaunammer (Emberiza cirlus) wurde im Freiland, in Frankreich geprüft, wie die individuelle Variante des Gesangs und die individuelle Erfahrung die Verhaltensantwort beeinflussen.
Zaun- und Goldammern zeigen Ähnlichkeiten in den Feinstrukturen der Laute. In ihrem Vortragsrhythmus treten jeoch arttypische Unterschiede auf. In der Regel antworten Zaunund Goldammern nur auf den Gesang ihrer Art. Die Zaunammern antworteten auch auf synthetische Gesänge mit stark abgeändertem Rhythmus. Hinweise wurden erbracht, daß die Antwortstärke aufgrund von kognitiven Leistungen individuell verändert werden kann.
Species-specifity and individual variation of songs and song responses in the Cirl Bunting (Emberiza cirlus): Does ecological competition modulate the behavioral response to songs?
Summary
In the Cirl Bunting (Emberiza cirlus) the relation between individual variant of songs, individual experience with individual song variants of competitors and the behavioral response has been studied. The following questions were analysed:
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species-specifity and individual variations of song pattern in Cirl Bunting and Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella).
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The relation between the individual song variant and its territorial responses to other song variants.
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Functional aspects of single song parameters.
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The role of experience to local variants for individually modulating the strongness of the behavioral responses.
For the playback studies artificial songs were synthetisized according to the natural range of variation. The following song parameters of Cirl Buntings were altered into the range (rhythm, frequency range and melody structure) of Yellowhammers.
Natural songs of normal and abnormal (mixed songs between Cirl Bunting and Yellowhammer) Cirl Buntings were played back to males living adjacent to the abnormal singers and to males, not having had any contact to these abnormal songs. The following results were obtained:
- 1.
There is high similarity between the microstructures of syllables in the Cirl Bunting and Yellowhammer. But Cirl Buntings sang with higher repetition rates.
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In general each species responded only to the songs of their own species.
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In the playback studies with altered song parameters they responded to songs which differed drastically from the variation range of the Cirl Bunting.
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Individuals living adjacent of the recorded mixed singers (Cirl Bunting and Yellowhammer) did not respond to playbacks of the songs of the mixed singers. However, all other individuals tested at other places showed high territorial attack to these songs. Therefore one should consider the influence of individual learning on the selectivity to acoustic stimuli.
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