The role of gonadal hormones in the sexual behavior of the rhesus monkey and human: A literature survey
- 106 Downloads
- 16 Citations
Abstract
The importance of the gonads for the display of sexual behavior has been realized for hundreds of years, yet only within the last century has active research in this area been conducted. The present communication surveys the literature concerned with the role of gonadal hormones in the activation, maintenance, and control of sexual behavior in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)and human. To place this topic in perspective the survey begins with a description of the normative aspects of sexual behavior and the endocrine events which correlate with the cyclic behaviors of the female. Building on this base the survey then focuses on descriptions of the effects on sexual behavior of the removal of hormones in adulthood and of the replacement of these hormones with either heteroor homotypic hormones.
Keywords
Sexual Behavior Rhesus Monkey Social Issue Literature Survey Present CommunicationPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- Abel, S. (1945). Androgenic therapy in malignant disease of the female genitalia.Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 49 327–342.Google Scholar
- Altmann, S. A. (1962). A field study of the sociobiology of rhesus monkeys,Macaca mulatta.Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 102 338–435.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Baird, D. T., and Guevara, A. (1969). Concentration of unconjugated estrone and estradiol in peripheral plasma in nonpregnant women throughout the menstrual cycle, castrate and postmenopausal women and in men.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 29 149–156.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Baird, D. T., Horton, R., Longcope, C., and Taite, J. F. (1968). Steroid prehormones.Perspec. Biol. Med. 11 384–421.Google Scholar
- Bakke, J. L. (1965). A double-blind study of a progestin—estrogen combination in the management of the menopause.Pacif. Med. Surg. 73 200–205.Google Scholar
- Ball, J. (1936). Sexual responsiveness in female monkeys after castration and subsequent estrin administration.Psychol. Bull. 33 811.Google Scholar
- Ball, J. (1937). Sexual responsiveness and temporally related physiological events during pregnancy in the rhesus monkey.Anat. Rec. 67 507–512.Google Scholar
- Ball, J. (1941). Effect of progesterone upon sexual excitability in the female monkey.Psychol. Bull. 38 533.Google Scholar
- Ball, J., and Hartman, C. G. (1935). Sexual excitability as related to the menstrual cycle in the monkey.Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 29 117–119.Google Scholar
- Beach, F. A. (1948).Hormones and Behavior. Hoeber-Harper, New York.Google Scholar
- Benedek, T. (1952).Psychosexual Functions in Women: Studies in Psychosomatic Medicine. Ronald Press, New York.Google Scholar
- Benjamin, H. (1966).The Transsexual Phenomenon. The Julian Press, New York.Google Scholar
- Bremer, J. (1959).Asexualization. A Follow-up Study of 244 Cases. Macmillan, New York.Google Scholar
- Cargille, C. M., Ross, G. T., and Yoshimi, T. (1969). Daily variations in plasma follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and progesterone in the normal menstrual cycle.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 29 12–19.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Carpenter, C. R. (1942a). Sexual behavior of free ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). I. Specimens, procedures, and behavioral characteristics of estrus.J. Comp. Psychol. 33 113–142.Google Scholar
- Carpenter, C. R. (1942b). Sexual behavior of free ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). II. Periodicity of estrus, homosexual, autoerotic and non-conformist behavior.J. Comp. Psychol. 33 143–162.Google Scholar
- Carter, A. C., Cohen, E. J., and Shorr, E. (1947). The use of androgens in women.Vitamins and Hormones 5 317–391.Google Scholar
- Conaway, C. H., and Koford, C. B. (1964). Estrous cycles and mating behavior in a free ranging band of rhesus monkeys.J. Mammol. 45 577–588.Google Scholar
- Conaway, C. H., and Sade, D. S. (1965). The seasonal spermatogenic cycle in free ranging rhesus monkeys.Folia Primatol. 3 1–12.Google Scholar
- Corker, C. S., Naftolin, F., and Exley, D. (1969). Interrelationship between plasma luteinizing hormone and oestradiol in human menstrual cycle.Nature 222 1063.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Davis, K. B. (1929).Factors in the Sex Life of 2200 Women. Harper and Row, New York.Google Scholar
- Diamond, M. (1965). A critical evaluation of the ontogeny of human sexual behavior.Quart. Rev. Biol. 40 147–175.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Diamond, M. (1968). Genetic—endocrine interactions and human psychosexuality. In M. Diamond (ed.),Perspectives in Reproduction and Sexual Behavior, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, pp. 417–439.Google Scholar
- Emmens, C. W., and Parkes, A. S. (1947). Effect of exogenous estrogens on the male mammal.Vitamins and Hormones 5 233–272.Google Scholar
- Everitt, B. J., and Herbert, J. (1969a). Adrenal glands and sexual receptivity in female rhesus monkeys.Nature 222 1065–1066.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Everitt, B. J., and Herbert, J. (1969b). The role of ovarian hormones in the sexual preference of rhesus monkeys.Anim. Behav. 17 738–746.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Filler, W., and Drezner, N. (1944). The results of surgical castration in women under forty.Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 47 122–124.Google Scholar
- Ford, C. S., and Beach, F. A. (1951).Patterns of Sexual Behavior. Harper, New York.Google Scholar
- Foss, G. L. (1937). Effect of testosterone propionate on a post-pubertal eunuch.Lancet 233 1307–1309.Google Scholar
- Foss, G. L. (1951). The influence of androgens on sexuality in women.Lancet 260 667–669.Google Scholar
- Freedman, L. Z., and Rosvold, H. E. (1962). Sexual, aggressive and anxious behavior in the laboratory macaque.J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 134 18–27.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gebhard, P. H. (1968). Human sex behavior research. In M. Diamond (ed.),Perspectives in Reproduction and Sexual Behavior, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, pp. 391–410.Google Scholar
- Goldzieher, M. A., and Goldzieher, J. W. (1949). Toxic effects of percutaneously adsorbed estrogens.J. Amer. Med. Ass. 140 1156.Google Scholar
- Golla, F. L., and Hodge, R. S. (1949). Hormone treatment of the sexual offender.Lancet 256 1006–1007.Google Scholar
- Gordon, M. B., and Fields, E. M. (1943). Observations on the effect of chronic gonadotrophin and male sex hormone on eunuchoidism.J. Clin. Endocrinol. 3 589–595.Google Scholar
- Goy, R. W. (1964). Reproductive behavior in mammals. In C. W. Lloyd (ed.),Human Reproduction and Sexual Behavior, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, pp. 409–411.Google Scholar
- Goy, R. W. (1966). Role of androgens in the establishment and regulation of behavioral sex differences in mammals.J. Anim. Sci. 25 21–35 (Suppl.).Google Scholar
- Greenblatt, R. B. (1943). Testosterone propionate pellet implantation in gynecic disorders.J. Amer. Med. Ass. 121 17–24.Google Scholar
- Grumbach, M. M., Ducharme, J. R., and Moloshok, R. E. (1959). On the fetal masculinizing action of certain oral progestins.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 19 1369–1380.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hamburger, C. (1970). Endocrine treatment of male and female transsexualism. In R. Green and J. Money (eds.),Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, pp. 291–304.Google Scholar
- Hamilton, J. B. (1937). The induction of penile erection by male hormone substances.Endocrinology 21 744–749.Google Scholar
- Hampson, J. L., and Hampson, J. G. (1961). The ontogenesis of sexual behavior in man. In W. C. Young (ed.),Sex and Internal Secretions, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 1401–1432.Google Scholar
- Harlow, H. F. (1965). Sexual behavior in the rhesus monkey. In F. A. Beach (ed.),Sex and Behavior, John Wiley, New York, pp. 234–265.Google Scholar
- Heller, C. G., and Nelson, W. O. (1945). Hyalinization of seminiferous tubules and clumping of Leydig cells. Notes on treatment of clinical syndrome with testosterone propionate, methyl testosterone and testosterone pellets.J. Clin. Endocrinol. 5 27–33.Google Scholar
- Herbert, J. (1967). Neural and endocrine stimuli from the female and the sexual behavior of the male rhesus monkey.Acta Endocrinol. 119 47 (Suppl.).Google Scholar
- Herbert, J. (1968). Sexual preference in the rhesus monkeyMacaca mulatta in the laboratory.Anim. Behav. 16 120–128.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Herbert, J. (1970). Hormones and reproductive behaviour in rhesus and talapoin monkeys.J. Reprod. Fert. 11 119–140 (Suppl.).Google Scholar
- Herbert, J., and Trimble, M. R. (1967). Effect of oestradiol and testosterone on the sexual receptivity and attractiveness of the female rhesus monkey.Nature 216 165–166.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Howard, J. E., and Vest, S. A. (1939). Clinical experiments with male sex hormones. II. Further observations on testosterone propionate in adult hypogonadism and preliminary report on the implantation of testosterone.Amer. J. Med. Sci. 198 823–837.Google Scholar
- Jakobovits, T. (1970). The treatment of impotence with methyltestosterone thyroid (100 patients—double blind study).Fert. Steril. 21 32–35.Google Scholar
- Kane, F. J., Jr., Lipton, M. A., and Ewing, J. A. (1969). Hormonal influences in female sexual response.Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 20 202–209.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kaufmann, J. H. (1965). A three-year study of mating behavior in a free ranging band of rhesus monkeys.Ecology 46 500–502.Google Scholar
- Kind, H. (1961). The role of androgenic hormones in human sexual behavior.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 21 482–484.Google Scholar
- Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., and Martin, C. E. (1948).Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
- Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., Martin, C. E., and Gebhard, P. H. (1953).Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
- Kirton, K. T., Niswender, G. G., Midgley, A. R., Jr., Jaffe, R. B., and Forbes, A. D. (1970). Serum luteinizing hormone and progesterone concentration during the menstrual cycle of the rhesus monkey.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 30 105–110.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Koford, C. B. (1963). Group relations in an island colony of rhesus monkeys. In C. H. Southwick (eds.),Primate Social Behavior, Van Nostrand, Princeton, pp. 136–152.Google Scholar
- Korenman, S. G., Perrin, L. E., and McCallum, T. P. (1969). A radioligand binding assay system for estrodiol measurement in human plasma.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 29 879–883.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kupperman, H. S., and Studdiford, W. E. (1953). Endocrine therapy in gynecologic disorders.Postgrad. Med. 14 410–424.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lange, J. (1934). Die folgen der entmannung erwachsener an der hand der kriegserfahrungen dargestellt.Arbeit Gesundheit 24 1–174 [cited in Tauber (1940)].Google Scholar
- Lewinsohn, R. (1958).A History of Sexual Customs. Fawcett World Library, New York.Google Scholar
- Lindqvist, G. (1966). Mental changes after transphenoidal hypophysectomy.Acta Psychiat. Scand. 42 190 (Suppl.).Google Scholar
- Margolese, M. S. (1970). Homosexuality: A new endocrine correlate.Horm. Behav. 1 151–155.Google Scholar
- Masters, W. H. (1957). Sex steroid influences on the aging process.Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 74 733–746.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Masters, W. H. (1960). The sexual response cycle of the human female: I. Gross anatomic considerations.West. J. Surg. Obstet. Gynec. 68 57–72.Google Scholar
- Masters, W. H., and Johnson, V. E. (1966).Human Sexual Response. Little, Brown, Boston.Google Scholar
- McCance, R., Luff, M., and Widdowson, E. (1937). The physical and emotional periodicity in women.J. Hyg. 37 571–611.Google Scholar
- McCullagh, E. P., and Renshaw, J. F. (1934). Effects of castration in adult male.J. Amer. Med. Ass. 103 1140–1143.Google Scholar
- Mead, M. (1961). Cultural determinants of sexual behavior. In W. C. Young (ed.),Sex and Internal Secretions, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 1433–1479.Google Scholar
- Michael, R. P. (1961). Observations upon the sexual behavior of the domestic cat (Felis catus L.) under laboratory conditions.Behaviour 18 1–24.Google Scholar
- Michael, R. P. (1963). Menstrual cycle influences grooming behavior and sexual activity in rhesus monkey.Science 140 500–501.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, R. P. (1965). Some aspects of the endocrine control of sexual activity in primates.Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 58 595–598.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, R. P., and Keverne, E. B. (1968). Pheromones in the communication of sexual status in primates.Nature 218 746–749.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, R. P., and Keverne, E. B. (1970a). A male sex attractant pheromone in rhesus monkey vaginal secretions.J. Endocrinol. 46 xx-xxi.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, R. P., and Keverne, E. B. (1970b). Primate sex pheromone of vaginal origin.Nature 225 84–85.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, R. P., and Saayman, G. (1967a). Sexual performance and the timing of ejaculation in male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 64 213–218.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, R. P., and Saayman, G. (1967b). Sexual performance index of male rhesus monkeys.Nature 214 425.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, R. P., and Saayman, G. (1967c). Individual differences in the sexual behaviour of male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) under laboratory conditions.Anim. Behav. 15 460–466.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, R. P., and Saayman, G. (1968). Differential effects on behavior of the subcutaneous and intravaginal administration of oestrogen in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).J. Endocrinol. 41 231–246.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, R. P., and Welegalla, J. (1968). Ovarian hormones and sexual behaviour of the female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) under laboratory conditions.J. Endocrinol. 41 407–421.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, R. P., and Zumpe, D. (1970a). Sexual initiating behavior by female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) under laboratory conditions.Behaviour 36 168–185.Google Scholar
- Michael, R. P., and Zumpe, D. (1970b). Rhythmic changes in the copulatory frequency of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in relation to the menstrual cycle and a comparison with the human cycle.J. Reprod. Fert. 21 199–201.Google Scholar
- Michael, R. P., Herbert, J., and Welegalla, J. (1966). Ovarian hormones and grooming behaviour in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) under laboratory conditions.J. Endocrinol. 36 263–279.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, R. P., Herbert, J., and Welegalla, J. (1967a). Ovarian hormones and the sexual behaviour of the male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) under laboratory conditions.J. Endocrinol. 39 81–98.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, R. P., Saayman, G. S., and Zumpe, D. (1967b). Inhibition of sexual receptivity by progesterone in rhesus monkeys.J. Endocrinol. 39 309–310.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, R. P., Saayman, G., and Zumpe, D. (1967c). Sexual attractiveness and receptivity in rhesus monkeys.Nature 215 554–556.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Michael, R. P., Saayman, G., and Zumpe, D. (1968). The suppression of mating behavior and ejaculation in male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) by administration of progesterone to their female partners.J. Endocrinol. 41 421–431.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Midgley, A. R., Jr., and Jaffe, R. B. (1968). Regulation of human gonadotropins: IV. Correlation of serum concentrations of follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones during the menstrual cycle.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 28 1699–1703.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Money, J. (1961). Sex hormones and other variables in human eroticism. In W. C. Young (ed.),Sex and Internal Secretions, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 1383–1400.Google Scholar
- Neill, J. D., Johansson, E. D. B., Datta, J. K., and Knobil, E. (1967a). Relationship between the plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and progesterone during the normal menstrual cycle.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 27 1167–1173.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Neill, J. D., Johansson, E. D. B., and Knobil, E. (1967b). Levels of progesterone in peripheral plasma during the menstrual cycle of the rhesus monkey.Endocrinology 81 1161–1164.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Neill, J. D., Johansson, E. D. B., and Knobil, E. (1969). Patterns of circulating progesterone concentrations during the fertile menstrual cycle and the remainder of gestation in the rhesus monkey.Endocrinology 84 45–48.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Perloff, W. H. (1949). Role of the hormones in human sexuality.Psychosom. Med. 11 133–139.Google Scholar
- Pratt, J. P. (1942). A personal note on methyl testosterone in hypogonadism.J. Clin. Endocrinol. 2 460–464.Google Scholar
- Resko, J. A., and Eik-Nes, K. B. (1966). Diurnal testosterone levels in peripheral plasma of human subjects.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 26 573–576.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rowell, T. E. (1963). Behaviour and female reproductive cycles of rhesus macaques.J. Reprod. Fertil. 6 193–203.Google Scholar
- Salmon, U. J., and Geist, S. H. (1943). Effect of androgens upon libido in women.J. Clin. Endocrinol. 3 235–238.Google Scholar
- Schon, M., and Sutherland, A. M. (1960). The role of hormones in human behavior. III. Changes in female sexuality after hypophysectomy.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 20 833–841.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Sopchak, A. L., and Sutherland, A. M. (1960). Psychological impact of cancer and its treatment. VII. Exogenous sex hormones and their relation to lifelong adaptations in women with metastatic cancer of the breast.Cancer 13 528–531.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Spaulding, M. H. (1921). The development of the external genitalia in the human embryo.Carnegie Cont. Embryol. 13 67–88.Google Scholar
- Strott, C. A., Yoshimi, T., Ross, G. T., and Lipsett, M. B. (1969). Ovarian physiology: Relationship between plasma LH and steroidogenesis by follicle and corpus luteum; effect of HCG.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 29 1157–1167.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tauber, E. S. (1940). Effects of castration upon the sexuality of the adult male.Psychosom. Med. 2 74–87.Google Scholar
- Terman, L. M. (1938).Psychological Factors in Marital Happiness. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
- Thorek, M. (1924). Experimental investigation of the role of the Leydig, seminiferous, and Sertoli cells and the effects of testicular transplantation.Endocrinology 8 61–90.Google Scholar
- Trimble, M. R., and Herbert, J. (1968). The effect of testosterone or oestradiol upon the sexual and associated behaviour of the adult female rhesus monkey.J. Endocrinol. 42 171–185.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Udry, J. R., and Morris, N. M. (1968). Distribution of coitus in the menstrual cycle.Nature 220 593–596.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vandenbergh, J. G. (1969). Endocrine coordination in monkeys: Male sexual responses to the female.Physiol. Behav. 4 261–264.Google Scholar
- Vandenbergh, J. G., and Vessey, S. (1968). Seasonal breeding of free ranging rhesus monkeys and related ecological factors.J. Reprod. Fertil. 15 71–79.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Vest, J. A., Jr., and Howard, J. E. (1938). Clinical experiments with the use of male sex hormones. I. Use of testosterone propionate in hypogonadism.J. Urol. 40 154–183.Google Scholar
- Waxenberg, S. E. (1963). Some biological correlates of sexual behavior. In G. Winokur (ed.),Determinants of Human Sexual Behavior, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, pp. 52–75.Google Scholar
- Waxenberg, S. E., Drellich, M. G., and Sutherland, A. M. (1959). The role of hormones in human behavior. I. Changes in female sexuality after adrenalectomy.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 19 193–202.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Waxenberg, S. E., Finkbeiner, J. A., Drellich, M. G., and Sutherland, A. M. (1960). The role of hormones in human behavior. II. Changes in sexual behavior in relation to vaginal smears of breast-cancer patients after oophorectomy and adrenalectomy.Psychosom. Med. 22 435–442.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yen, S. S. C., Vela, P., Rankin, J., and Littell, A. S. (1970). Hormonal relationships during the menstrual cycle.J. Amer. Med. Ass. 211 1513–1517.Google Scholar
- Young, W. C. (1961). The hormones and mating behavior. In W. C. Young (ed.),Sex and Internal Secretions, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 1173–1239.Google Scholar
- Zuckerman, S. (1952). Chairman's closing remarks.Ciba Found. Colloq. Endocrinol. 3 239–246.Google Scholar
- Zumpe, D., and Michael, R. P. (1968). The clutching reaction and orgasm in the female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).J. Endocrinol. 40 117–123.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Zumpe, D., and Michael, R. P. (1970). Ovarian hormones and female sexual invitations in captive rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).Anim. Behav. 18 293–301.PubMedGoogle Scholar