Klinische Wochenschrift

, Volume 56, Supplement 1, pp 31–41 | Cite as

Humoral and neurohormonal aspects of blood pressure regulation: Focus on angiotensin

  • D. Ganten
  • G. Stock
Article
Received:

Summary

Angiotensin circulates in the blood as a hormone. Its main target organs are vascular smooth muscle, adrenal gland and the kidney. Hormonal angiotensin increases blood pressure by its vasoconstrictor action, by stimulation of aldosterone secretion and subsequent sodium and water retention, and by the stimulation of catecholamine release. Circulating plasma angiotensin also effects brain mechanisms of blood pressure regulation. In addition to this hormonal function, angiotensin is present in the brain as part of an endogenous brain renin-angiotensin system. Brain angiotensin is not secreted into the blood and can be considered a neurohormone with local function. A role of brain angiotensin in the maintenance of high blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats has been demonstrated. Circulating plasma angiotensin appears to influence brain renin levels and vice versa. Stimulation of specific areas in the brain known to be involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system, stimulate renin secretion from the kidney. The renin-angiotensin system can therefore serve as an example for the intimate interrelationship between humoral and neurohumoral mechanisms of blood pressure regulation.

Key words

Renin Angiotensin Neurohormones Brain Blood-Pressure 

Beteiligung von Angiotensin an humoralen und neurohormonalen Mechanismen der Blutdruckregulation

Zusammenfassung

Angiotensin zirkuliert als Hormon im Blut. Seine wesentlichen Zielorgane sind die glatte Gefäßmuskulatur, die Nebenniere und die Niere. Zirkulierendes hormonales Angiotensin erhöht den arteriellen Blutdruck durch Vasokonstruktion, Stimulation der Aldosteronfreisetzung und nachfolgender Salzund Wasserretention. Plasma-Angiotensin wirkt darüberhinaus auf zentrale Mechanismen der Blutdruckregulation. Angiotensin ist ebenfalls im Gehirn vorhanden als Teil des endogenen Gehirnrenin-Angiotensin-Systems. Das Gehirn-Angiotensin wird nicht an das Blut abgegeben und kann als Neurohormon mit vorwiegend lokaler Funktion angesehen werden. Eine Beteiligung des Gehirn-Angiotensins an der Aufrechterhaltung des hohen Blutdruckes spontan hypertensiver Ratten ist nachgewiesen worden. Es bestehen Rückkoppelungen zwischen dem Plasma-Angiotensin auf der einen Seite und dem Gehirn-Angiotensin auf der anderen Seite. Stimulation von bestimmten, für die zentrale Blutdruckregulation bedeutsamen Hirnarealen beeinflußt die Reninsekretion von der Niere. Das Renin-Angiotensin-System (RAS) kann als ein Modell für die engen Zusammenhänge zwischen humoraler und neurohumoraler Blutdruckregulation angesehen werden.

Schlüsselwörter

Renin Angiotensin Neurohormone Gehirn Blutdruck 
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. 1.
    Anderson, B.: Thirst and brain control of water balance. Am. Scientist59, 408–415 (1971)Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Barker, J.L., Smith, T.G.: Peptides as neurohormones. In: Approaches to the Cell Biology of Neurons. Society for Neuroscience Symposia, Vol II, pp. 340–373. Bethesda, Society for Neuroscience 1977Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    Barrett, J.P., Ingenito, A.J., Procita, L.: Influence of the carotid sinus on centrally mediated peripheral cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.176, 692–700 (1971)Google Scholar
  4. 4.
    Baxter, C.R., Horvath, J.S., Furby, F.H., Tiller, D.J.: Endogenous angiotensin in brain. Abstracts of the Vth International Congress of Endocrinology, Hamburg, July 18–24, 1976Google Scholar
  5. 5.
    Bennett, J.B., Snyder, S.H.: Angiotensin II binding to mammalian brain membranes. J. Biol. Chem.251 (23), 7423–7430 (1976)Google Scholar
  6. 6.
    Bickerton, R.K., Buckley, J.P.: Evidence for a central mechanism in angiotensin-induced hypertension. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.106, 834–836 (1961)Google Scholar
  7. 7.
    Bing, J., Poulsen, K.: The renin system in mice. Effects of removal of kidneys or (and) submaxillary glands in different strains. Acta path. microbiol. Scand. (A)79, 134–138 (1971)Google Scholar
  8. 8.
    Boadle, M.C., Hughes, J., Roth, R.H.: Angiotensin accelerates catecholamine biosynthesis in sympathetically innervated tissues. Nature222, 987–988 (1969)Google Scholar
  9. 9.
    Boadle-Biber, M.C., Roth, R.H.: Effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin III on catecholamine biosynthesis. In: Central Actions of Angiotensin and Related Hormones. J.P. Buckley and C.M. Ferrario (eds.), pp. 83–104. New York, Pergamon Press 1971.Google Scholar
  10. 10.
    Bonjour, J.P., Malvin, R.L.: Stimulation of ADH release by the renin-angiotensin system. Am. J. Physiol.218, 1555–1559 (1970)Google Scholar
  11. 11.
    Brody, M.J., Fink, G.D., Buggy, J., Haywood, J.R., Gordon, F.G., Johnson, A.K.: The role of the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) region in experimental hypertension. Circ. Res. Suppl., in press (1978)Google Scholar
  12. 12.
    Buggy, J., Johnson, A.K.: Preoptic hypothalamic periventricular lesions: Thirst deficits and hypernatremia. Am. J. Physiol.233, R44-R52 (1977)Google Scholar
  13. 13.
    Bunag, R.D., Page, I.H., McCubbin, W.J.: Neural stimulation of release of renin. Circ. Res.19, 851–858 (1966)Google Scholar
  14. 14.
    Changaris, D.G., Demers, L.M., Keil, L.C., Severs, W.B.: Immunopharmacology of angiotensin I in brain. In: Central Actions of Angiotensin and Related Hormones. J.P. Buckley and C.M. Ferrario (eds.), pp. 233–243. New York, Pergamon Press 1977Google Scholar
  15. 15.
    Coote, J.H., Johns, E.J., Macleod, V.H., Singer, B.: Effect of renal nerve stimulation, renal blood flow and adrenergic blockade on plasma renin activity in the cat. J. Physiol.226, 15 (1972)Google Scholar
  16. 16.
    Daul, C.B., Heath, R.G., Garey, R.E.: Angiotensin-forming enzyme in human brain. Neuropharmacology14, 75–80 (1975)Google Scholar
  17. 17.
    Davis, J.O.: The pathogenesis of chronic renovascular hypertension. Circ. Res.40, 439–444 (1977)Google Scholar
  18. 18.
    Day, R.P., Reid, I.A.: Renin activity in dog brain: Enzymological similarity to cathepsin D. Endocrinology99, 93–100 (1976)Google Scholar
  19. 19.
    Dickinson, C.J.: Neurogenic Hypertension. pp. 158–161. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications 1965Google Scholar
  20. 20.
    Dickinson, C.J., Thomas, A.D.: Vertebral and internal carotid arteries in relation to hypertension and cerebrovascular disease. Lancet2, 46–48 (1959)Google Scholar
  21. 21.
    Dickinson, C.J., Ferrario, C.M.: Central neurogenic effects of angiotensin. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 37. I.H. Page and F.M. Bumpus (eds.), pp. 408–416. Heidelberg-Berlin-New York, Springer Verlag 1974Google Scholar
  22. 22.
    Dietz, R., Schömig, A., Haebara, H., Mann, J.F.E., Rascher, W., Lüth, J.B., Grünherz, N., Gross, F.: Studies on the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension of rats. Circ. Res. Suppl., in press (1978)Google Scholar
  23. 23.
    Elghozi, J.L., Altman, J., Devynck, M.A., Liard, J.F., Grunfeld, J.P., Meyer, P.: Lack of hypotensive effect of central injection of angiotensin inhibitors in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med.51, 385s-389s (1976)Google Scholar
  24. 24.
    Epstein, A.N., Ganten, D.: Reciprocity of plasma and CSF angiotensin. Failure to confirm. Fed. Proc.36, 481 (1977)Google Scholar
  25. 25.
    Feigl, E., Johansson, B., Löfving, B.: Renal vasoconstriction and the defense reaction. Acta physiol. Scand.62, 429–435 (1964)Google Scholar
  26. 26.
    Felix, D., Akert, K.: The effect of angiotensin II on neurons of the cat subfornical organ. Brain Res.76, 350–353 (1974)Google Scholar
  27. 27.
    Ferrario, C.M., Dickinson, C.J., McCubbin, J.W.: Central vasomotor stimulation by angiotensin. Clin. Sci.39, 239–245 (1970)Google Scholar
  28. 28.
    Ferrario, C.M., Gildenberg, P.L., McCubbin, J.W.: Cardiovascular effects of angiotensin mediated by the central nervous system. Circ. Res.30 (3), 257–262 (1972)Google Scholar
  29. 29.
    Finkielman, S., Fischer-Ferraro, C., Diaz, A., Goldstein, D.J., Nahmod, V.E.: A pressor substance in the cerebrospinal fluid of normotensive and hypertensive patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,69 (11), 3341–3344 (1972)Google Scholar
  30. 30.
    Fischer-Ferraro, C., Nahmod, E.V., Goldstein, D.J., Finkielman, S.: Angiotensin and renin in rat and dog brain. J. Exp. Med.133 (2), 353–361 (1971)Google Scholar
  31. 31.
    Fitzsimons, J.T.: Thirst. Physiol. Rev.52, 468–561 (1972)Google Scholar
  32. 32.
    Fitzsimons, J.T.: The physiological basis of thirst. Kidney Int.10, 3–11 (1976)Google Scholar
  33. 33.
    Fuxe, K., Ganten, D., Hökfelt, T., Bolme, P.: Immunohistochemical evidence for the existence of angiotensin II-containing nerve terminals in the brain and spinal cort of the rat. Neurosci. Lett.2, 229–234 (1976)Google Scholar
  34. 34.
    Gabriel, M., Seller, H.: Interaction of baroreceptor afferents from carotid sinus and aorta at the nucleurs tracti solitarii. Pflüger's Arch.318, 7–20 (1970)Google Scholar
  35. 35.
    Ganten, D., Hutchinson, J.S., Schelling, P., Ganten, U., Fischer, H.: The iso-renin angiotensin systems in extrarenal tissue. Clin. Exp. Pharm. Physiol.2, 103–126 (1976)Google Scholar
  36. 36.
    Ganten, D., Schelling, P., Vecsei, P., Ganten, U.: Iso-renin of extrarenal origin. “The tissue angiotensinogenase systems”. Am. J. Med.60, 760–772 (1976)Google Scholar
  37. 37.
    Ganten, D., Schelling, P., Ganten, U.: Tissue iso-renins. In: Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Treatment. J. Genest, E. Koiw and O. Küchel (eds.), pp. 240–256. New York, McGrall-Hill 1976Google Scholar
  38. 38.
    Ganten, F., Gross, F.: Angiotensin Antagonisten zur Diagnostik und Behandlung des reninabhängigen Hochdrucks. Med. Klin.71 (47), 2043–2050 (1976)Google Scholar
  39. 39.
    Ganten, D.: Is there a brain iso-renin angiotensin system? Circ. Res.42 732–733 (1978)Google Scholar
  40. 40.
    Ganten, D., Fuxe, K., Phillips, M.I., Mann, J.F.E., Ganten, U.: The brain isorenin-angiotensin system: Biochemistry, localization and possible role in drinking and blood pressure regulation. In: Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, Vol. 5. W.F. Ganong and L. Martine (eds.), pp. 61–99. New York, Raven Press 1978Google Scholar
  41. 41.
    Ganten, D., Speck, G.: The brain renin angiotensin system: A model for the synthesis of peptides in the brain. Biochem. Pharmacol., in press (1978)Google Scholar
  42. 42.
    Ganten, D., Simon, W., Schaz, K., Speck, G.: unpublished resultsGoogle Scholar
  43. 43.
    Genest, J., Nowaczynski, W., Kuchel, O., Boucher, R., Jojo-Ortega, J.M., Constatopoulos, G., Ganten, D., Messerli, F.: The adrenal cortex and essential hypertension. In: Recent Progress in Hormone Research, Vol. 32, pp. 377–427. New York, Academic Press 1976Google Scholar
  44. 44.
    Gildenberg, P.L., Ferrario, C.M.: A technique for determining the site of action of angiotensin and other hormones in the brain stem. In: Central Actions of Angiotensin and Related Hormones. J.P. Buckley and C.M. Ferrario (eds.), pp. 157–164. New York, Pergamon Press 1977Google Scholar
  45. 45.
    Gilman, A.: The relation between blood osmotic pressure, fluid distribution and voluntary water intake. Am. J. Physiol.120, 323–328 (1937)Google Scholar
  46. 46.
    Goldstein, D.J., Diaz, A., Finkielman, S., Nahmod, V.E., Fischer-Ferraro, C.: Angiotensinase activity in rat and dog brain. J. Neurochem.19, 2451–2452 (1972)Google Scholar
  47. 47.
    Goodfriend, T.L., Fyhrquist, F., Allmann, D.: Biochemical effects of angiotensin. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 37. I.H. Page and F.M. Bumpus (eds.). pp. 511–517. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, Springer-Verlag 1974Google Scholar
  48. 48.
    Guillemin, R.: Biochemical and physiological correlates of hypothalamic peptides. The new endocrinology of the neuron. In: The Hypothalamus. S. Reichlin, R.J. Baldessarini and J.B. Martin (eds.), pp. 155–194. New York, Raven Press 1978Google Scholar
  49. 49.
    Gutman, Y., Boonyaviroj, P., Abudalu, K., Feuerstein, G.: Humoral kidney mediation of adrenal catecholamine response to hemorrhage. In: Central Actions of Angiotensin and Related Hormones. J.P. Buckley and C.M. Ferrario (eds.), pp. 105–112. New York, Pergamon Press 1977Google Scholar
  50. 50.
    Guyton, A.C., Coleman, T.G., Cowley, A.V., Manning, R.D., Norman, R.A., Ferguson, J.D.: A systems analysis approach to understanding long-range arterial blood pressure control and hypertension. Circ. Res.35 (2), 159–176 (1974)Google Scholar
  51. 51.
    Haber, E.: The role of renin in normal and pathological cardiovascular homeostasis. Circulation54, 849–861 (1976)Google Scholar
  52. 52.
    Hackenthal, E., Hackenthal, R.: Purification of rat brain isorenin and identification as cathepsin D. Hoppe Seyler's Ztschr. Physiol. Chem.358, 243 (1977)Google Scholar
  53. 53.
    Hoffman, W.E., Phillips, M.I.: Regional study of cerebral ventricle sensitive sites to angiotensin II. Brain Res.110, 313–330 (1976)Google Scholar
  54. 54.
    Hoffman, W.E., Fuxe, K., Haebara, H., Phillips, M.I., Schmid, P.G., Schelling, P., Ganten, U., Ganten, D.: Effects of angiotensin in the brain and involvement of the brain iso-renin angiotensin system. In: Acquisitions récentes en Radioimmunologie. pp. 47–82. Université de Lyon 1976Google Scholar
  55. 55.
    Hoffman, W.E., Phillips, M.I.: The role of ADH in the pressor response to intraventricular angiotensin II. In: Central Actions of Angiotensin and Related Hormones. J.P. Buckley and C.M. Ferrario (eds.), pp. 307–314. New York, Pergamon Press 1977Google Scholar
  56. 56.
    Hökfelt, T., Elde, R., Fuxe, K., Johansson, O., Ljungdahl, H., Goldstein, M., Luft, R., Efendic, S., Nilsson, G., Terenius, L., Ganten, D., Jeffcoate, S.L., Rehfeld, J., Said, S., Perez de la Mora, M., Possani, L., Tapia, R., Teran, L., Palacios, R.: Aminergic and peptidergic pathways in the nervous system with special reference to the hypothalamus. In: The Hypothalamus. S. Reichlin, R.J. Baldessarini and J.B. Martin (eds.), pp. 69–136. New York, Raven Press 1978Google Scholar
  57. 57.
    Hutchinson, J.S., Ganten, D., Schelling, P., Ylitalo, P., Möhring, J., Kalina, M.: Central pressor actions of angiotensin II. Acta Med. Acad. Hung., Tom.33 (2), 101–109 (1976)Google Scholar
  58. 58.
    Hutchinson, J.S., Schelling, P., Möhring, J., Ganten, D.: Pressor action of centrally perfused angiotensin II in rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. Endocrinology99, 819–823 (1976)Google Scholar
  59. 59.
    Hutchinson, J.S., Csicsmann, J., Korner, P., Johnston, C.: Characterization of immunoreactive angiotensin in canine cerebrospinal fluid as Des-Asp1-angiotensin II. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med.54, 147–151 (1978)Google Scholar
  60. 60.
    Johnson, A.K., Buggy, J.: A critical analysis of the site of action for the dipsogenic effect of angiotensin II. In: Central Actions of Angiotensin and Related Hormones. J.P. Buckley and C.M. Ferrario (eds.), pp. 357–386. New York, Pergamon Press 1977Google Scholar
  61. 61.
    Joy, M.: The regulation of vasomotor centre activity by angiotensin. In: Central Actions of Angiotensin and Related Hormones. J.P. Buckley and C.M. Ferrario (eds.), pp. 165–168. New York, Pergamon Press 1977Google Scholar
  62. 62.
    Joy, M., Lowe, R.D.: The site of cardiovascular action of angiotensin II in the brain. Clin. Sci.39, 327–336 (1970)Google Scholar
  63. 63.
    Jurf, A.N., Blake, W.D.: Renal response to electrical stimulation in the septum and diencephalon of rabbits. Circ. Res.30, 322–331 (1972)Google Scholar
  64. 64.
    Keil, L.C., Summy-Long, J., Severs, W.B.: Release of vasopressin by angiotensin II. Endocrinology96, 1063–1065 (1975)Google Scholar
  65. 65.
    Kosterlitz, H.W., Hughes, J.H., Lord, J.A.A., Waterfield, A.A.: Enkephalins, endorphins and opiate peptides. In: Approaches to the Cell Biology of Neurons. Society for the Neuroscience Symposia, Vol. II. W.M. Cowan and J.A. Ferendelli (eds.), pp. 291–307. Bethesda, Society for Neuroscience 1977Google Scholar
  66. 66.
    LaGrange, R.G., Sloop, C.H., Schmid, H.G.: Selective stimulation of renal nerves in the anaesthetized dog. Circ. Res.33, 704 (1973)Google Scholar
  67. 67.
    Lee, M.R.: Renin and Hypertension. London, Lloyd-Luke 1969.Google Scholar
  68. 68.
    Malayan, S.A., Reid, J.A.: Antidiuresis produced by injection of renin into the third cerebral ventricle of the dog. Endocrinology98, 329–335 (1976)Google Scholar
  69. 69.
    Loeffler, J.R., Stockigt, J.R., Ganong, W.F.: Effect of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on the increase in renin secretion produced by stimulation of the renal nerves. Neuroendocrinology10, 129 (1972)Google Scholar
  70. 70.
    Lowe, R.D., Scroop, G.C.: Cardiovascular response to vertebral artery infusions of angiotensin in the dog. Clin. Sci.37, 593–603 (1969)Google Scholar
  71. 71.
    Malik K.U., Nasjletti, A.: Facultation of adrenergic transmission by locally generated angiotensin II in rat mesenteric arteries. Circ. Res.38 (1), 26–30 (1976)Google Scholar
  72. 72.
    Malvin, R.L., Mouw, D., Vander, A.J.: Angiotensin: Physiological role in water deprivation-induced thirst of rats. Science197, 171–173 (1977)Google Scholar
  73. 73.
    Mann, J.F.E., Phillips, M.I., Dietz, R., Haebara, H., Ganten, D.: Effects of central and peripheral angiotensin blockade in hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol., in press (1978)Google Scholar
  74. 74.
    McCubbin, J.W., Page, I.H.: Neurogenic component of chronic renal hypertension. Science139, 210–215 (1963)Google Scholar
  75. 75.
    McLean, A.S., Sirett, N.E., Bray, J.J., Hubbard, J.I.: Regional distribution of angiotensin II receptors in the rat brain. Proc. Univ. Otago Med. School53 (1), 19–20 (1975)Google Scholar
  76. 76.
    Mitchell, R.A., Massion, W., Carman, T., Severinghaus, J.W.: Fourth ventricle respiratory chemosensitivity and the area postrema. Fed. Proc.19, 374–378 (1960)Google Scholar
  77. 77.
    Möhring, B., Möhring, J.: Plasma ADH in normal Long-Evans rats and in Long-Evans rats heterozygous and homozygous for hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. Life Sci.17, 1307–1314 (1975)Google Scholar
  78. 78.
    Morest, K.: Experimental study of the projections of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius and the area postream in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol.130, 277–299 (1967)Google Scholar
  79. 79.
    Morris, M., Campbell, W.B., Pettinger, W.A.: Renin and hemodynamic changes via central adrenergic, cholinergic and sodium receptor mechanisms in conscious rats. Proc. Sco. Exp. Biol. Med.151, 101–104 (1976)Google Scholar
  80. 80.
    Nahmod, V.E., Finkielman, D., Goldstein, D.J.: On the neuronal localization and the physiological variations of brain angiotensin. In: Central Actions of Angiotensin and Related Hormones. J.P. Buckley and C.M. Ferrario (eds.), pp. 573–579. New York, Pergamon Press 1977Google Scholar
  81. 81.
    Nicoll, R.A., Barker, J.L.: Excitation of supraoptic neurosecretory cells by angiotensin II. Nature New Biol.233, 172–173 (1971)Google Scholar
  82. 82.
    Nasjletti, A., Masson, G.M.C.: Stimulation of angiotensinogen formation by renin and angiotensin I. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.142, 307–310 (1973)Google Scholar
  83. 83.
    Oldendorf, W.H.: Brain uptake of radiolabelled amino acids, amines, and hexoses after arterial injection. Am. J. Physiol.6, 1629–1639 (1971)Google Scholar
  84. 84.
    Oparil, S.: Renin 1976. In: Annual Research Reviews. D.F. Horrobin (eds.). Montreal, Eden Press 1976Google Scholar
  85. 85.
    Oparil, S., Haber, E.: The renin-angiotensin system (first of two parts). New Engl. J. Med. 389–401 (1974)Google Scholar
  86. 86.
    Page, I.H., McCubbin, J.W. (eds.) Renal Hypertension. Year Book Medical Publishers, 1974Google Scholar
  87. 87.
    Passo, S.S., Assaykeen, T.A., Otsuka, K., Wise, B.L., Goldfien, A., Ganong, W.F.: Effect of stimulation of the medulla oblongata on renin secretion in dogs. Neuroendocrinology7, 1–10 (1971)Google Scholar
  88. 88.
    Passo, S.S., Assaykeen, T.A., Goldfien, A., Ganong, W.F.: Effect of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents on the increase in renin secretion produced by stimulation of the medulla oblongata in dogs. Neuroendocrinology7, 97–104 (1971)Google Scholar
  89. 89.
    Peach, M.: Renin-angiotensin system: Biochemistry and mechanism of action. Physiol. Rev.57 (2), 313–370 (1977)Google Scholar
  90. 90.
    Phillips, M.I., Felix, D.: Specific angiotensin II receptive neurons in the cat subfornical organ. Brain Res.109, 531–540 (1976)Google Scholar
  91. 91.
    Phillips, M.I., Felix, D., Hoffman, W.E., Ganten, D.: Angiotensin-sensitive sites in the brain ventricular system. In: Approaches to the Cell Biology of Neurons. Neuroscience Symposia, Vol. 2. W. Cowan and J.A. Ferendelli (eds.), pp. 308–339. Bethesda, Society for Neuroscience 1977Google Scholar
  92. 92.
    Phillips, M.I., Mann, J.F.E., Haebara, H., Hoffman, W.E., Dietz, R., Schelling, P., Ganten, D.: Lowering of hypertension by central saralasin in the absence of plasma renin. Nature270, 445–447 (1977)Google Scholar
  93. 93.
    Poth, M.M., Heath, R.G., Ward, M.: Angiotensin-converting enzyme in human brain. J. Neurochem.25, 83–85 (1975)Google Scholar
  94. 94.
    Poulsen, K.: Kinetics of the renin system. The basis for determination of the different components of the system. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest.31, Suppl. 132 (1973)Google Scholar
  95. 95.
    Povolny, K.M., Jung, R.V., Kraft, E., Zimmermann, B.G.: Adrenergic potentiation by angiotensin II in isolated canine cutaneous arteries: Effect of bathing media and calcium. Blood Vess.14, 105–115 (1977)Google Scholar
  96. 96.
    Printz, M.P., Lewicki, J.A., Renin substrate in the CNS: potential significance to central regulatory mechanisms. In: Central Actions of Angiotensin and Related Hormones. J.P. Buckley and C.M. Ferrario (eds.), pp. 57–64. New York, Pergamon Press 1977.Google Scholar
  97. 97.
    Printz, M.P., Dworschak, R.T., Printz, J.M., Lewicki, J.A., Gregory, T.J.: Definition of an angiotensin I-generating pathway in the central nervous system. Circ. Res., Suppl., in press (1978)Google Scholar
  98. 98.
    Reid, I.A.: Is there a brain renin-angiotensin system? Circ. Res.41 (2), 147–153 (1977)Google Scholar
  99. 99.
    Reid, I.A., Day, R.P.: Interactions and properties of some components of the renin-angiotensin system in brain. In: Central Actions of Angiotensin and Related Hormones. J.P. Buckley and C.M. Ferrario (eds.), pp. 267–282. New York, Pergamon Press 1977.Google Scholar
  100. 100.
    Rettig, R., Ganten, D., Stock, G.: Blutdruckverhalten und Reninsekretion bei elektrischer Stimulation des zentralen Teiles des Mendelkerns. Ther. Woche27 (44), 7804 (1977)Google Scholar
  101. 101.
    Richardson, D., Stella, A., Leonetti, G., Bartorelli, A., Zanchetti, A.: Mechanisms of renal release of renin by electrical stimulation of the brain stem in the cat. Circ. Res.34, 425–434 (1974)Google Scholar
  102. 102.
    Saad, W., Epstein, A.N., Simpson, J.B., Camargo, L.A.: Brain and blood-borne angiotensin II in the control of thirst. Neurosci. Abstracts1, 470 (1975)Google Scholar
  103. 103.
    Sakai, K.K., Marks, B.H., George, J., Koestner, A.: Specific angiotensin II receptors in the organ culture canine supraoptic nucleus cells. Life Sci.14, 1337–1344 (1974)Google Scholar
  104. 104.
    Scarff, R.W., Martin, N.H.: Experiments with renin. Br. J. Exp. Pahtol.22, 309–314 (1941)Google Scholar
  105. 105.
    Schelling, P., Hutchinson, J.S., Ganten, U., Sponer, G., Ganten, D.: Impermeability of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier for angiotensin II in rats. clin. Sci. Mol. Med.51, 399s-402s (1976)Google Scholar
  106. 106.
    Schlör, K.H., Stock, G.: Modification of baroreceptor reflex during affective behaviour elicited by natural stimuli or by amygdaloid stimulation. Neurosci. Lett., to be published (1978)Google Scholar
  107. 107.
    Schoelkens, B.A., Jung, W., Steinbach, R.: Blood pressure response to central and peripheral injection of angiotensin II and 8-C-phenylglycine analogue of angiotensin II in rats with experimental hypertension. Clin. Sci. Mol. Med.51, 403s-406s (1976)Google Scholar
  108. 108.
    Scroop, G.C., Lowe, R.D.: Efferent pathways of the cardiovascular response to vertebral artery infusions of angiotensin in the dog. Clin. Sci.37, 605–619 (1969)Google Scholar
  109. 109.
    Scroop, G.C., Katic, F., Joy, M.D., Lowe, R.D.: Importance of central vasomotor effects in angiotensin-induced hypertension. Br. Med. J.1, 324–326 (1971)Google Scholar
  110. 110.
    Sen, S., Ferrario, C.M., Bumpus, F.M.: Alteration in the feedback control of renin release by an angiotensin antagonist. Acta Physiol. Lat. Amer.24 (5), 149–532 (1974)Google Scholar
  111. 111.
    Severs, W.B., Daniels-Severs, A.E.: Effects of angiotensin on the central nervous system. Pharmacol. Rev.25 (4) 415–449 (1973)Google Scholar
  112. 112.
    Shade, R.E., Share, L.: Vasopressin release during non-hypotensive hemorrhage and angiotensin II infusion. Am. J. Physiol.228, 149–154 (1975)Google Scholar
  113. 113.
    Sirett, N.E., McLean, A.S., Bray, J.J., Hubbard, J.I.: Distribution of angiotensin II receptors in rat brain. Brain Res.122, 299–312 (1977)Google Scholar
  114. 114.
    Skeggs, L.T., Dorer, F.E., Kahn, J.R., Lentz, K.E., Levine, M.: The biochemistry of the renin-angiotensin system and its role in hypertension. Am. J. Med.60, 737–748 (1976)Google Scholar
  115. 115.
    Slaven, B.: Influence of salt and volume on changes in rat brain angiotensin. J. Pharm. Pharmacol.27, 782–783 (1975)Google Scholar
  116. 116.
    Snyder, S.H.: Peptide neurotransmitter candidates in the brain: Focus on enkephalin, angiotensin II and neurotensin. In: The Hypothalamus. S. Reichlin, R.J. Baldessarini and J.B. Martin (eds.), pp. 233–244. New York, Raven Press 1978Google Scholar
  117. 117.
    Stock. G.: Einflüsse limbischer Kerngebiete auf Kreislauf und affektives Verhalten. Thesis (Habilitationsschrift). Heidelberg, 1977Google Scholar
  118. 118.
    Sweet, C.S., Brody, M.J.: Central inhibition of reflex vasodilatation by angiotensin and reduced renal pressure. Am. J. Physiol.219, 1751–1758 (1970)Google Scholar
  119. 119.
    Sweet, C.S., Kadowitz, P., Brody, M.J.: Arterial hypertension elicited by prolonged intravertebral infusion of angiotensin II in the conscious dog. Am. J. Physiol.221, 1640–1644 (1971)Google Scholar
  120. 120.
    Sweet, C.S., Columbo, J.M., Gaul, S.L.: Central antihypertensive effects of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system in rats. Am. J. Physiol.231 (6), 1794–1799 (1976)Google Scholar
  121. 121.
    Thurau, K.: Intrarenal actions of angiotensin. In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 37. I.H. Page and F.M. Bumpus (eds.), pp. 475–499. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, Springer-Verlag 1974Google Scholar
  122. 122.
    Ueda, H., Yasuda, H., Takabatake, Y., Lizuka, M., Lizuka, T., Ihori, M. et al.: Increased renin release evoked by mesencephalic stimulation of the dog. Jap. Heart J.8, 498–506 (1967)Google Scholar
  123. 123.
    Ueda, H.: Renin and nervous system. Jap. Heart J.17 (4), 521–526 (1976)Google Scholar
  124. 124.
    Valentin, H., Sawyer, W.B., Sokol, H.W.: Neurohypophyseal principles in rats homozygous and heterozygous for hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. Endocrinology77, 701–706 (1965)Google Scholar
  125. 125.
    Verney, E.B.: The antidiuretic hormone and the factors which determine its release. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. B.135, 106 (1947)Google Scholar
  126. 126.
    Yang, H.-Y.T., Neff, N.H.: Differential distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme in the anterior and posterior lobe of the rat pituitary. J. Neurochem.21, 1035–1036 (1973)Google Scholar
  127. 127.
    Yu, R., Dickinson, C.J.: Progressive pressor response to angiotensin in the rabbit: Role of the sympathetic nervous system. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther.191, 24–36 (1971)Google Scholar
  128. 128.
    Zanchetti, A., Stella, A.: Renin release by central and reflex regulation. In: Regulation of Blood Pressure by the Central Nervous System. G. Onesti, M. Fernandes and K.E. Kim (eds.), pp. 235–259. New York, Grune and Stratton 1975Google Scholar
  129. 129.
    Zehr, J.E.: Naturally mediated inhibition of renin release. In: Regulation of Blood Pressure by the Central Nervous System. G. Onesti, M. Fernandes and K.E. Kim (eds.), pp. 221–234. New York, Grune and Stratton 1975Google Scholar
  130. 130.
    Zehr, J.E., Feigl, E.O.: Suppression of renin activity by hypothalamic stimulation. Circ. Res.32, Suppl. I, 17–27 (1973)Google Scholar
  131. 131.
    Zimmerman, B.G., Gomer, S.K., Ji Chia Liao: Action of angiotensin on vascular adrenergic nerve endings: Facilitation of norepinephrine release. Fed. Proc.31 (4), 1344–1350 (1972)Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer-Verlag 1978

Authors and Affiliations

  • D. Ganten
    • 1
  • G. Stock
    • 1
  1. 1.Dept. of Pharmacology and PhysiologyUniv. of HeidelbergHeidelbergFederal Republic of Germany

Personalised recommendations